{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:55:30Z","timestamp":1790931330108,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Telix Pharmaceuticals Ltd.","award":["Telix Pharmaceuticals Ltd."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Telix Pharmaceuticals Ltd."]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004622","name":"KWF Kankerbestrijding","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-2, 12567"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-2, 12567"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004622","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003246","name":"Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09150172010054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09150172010054"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aim of this study was to assess whether zirconium-89 (\n                      <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>\n                      Zr)-labelled antibodies can act as a surrogate for actinium-225 (\n                      <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ac)-labelled antibodies to predict tumour- and organ dose. To this end, we performed ex vivo biodistribution and dosimetry studies with two anti-CAIX antibodies (hG250 and FcRn(-)hG250), radiolabelled with\n                      <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>\n                      Zr and\n                      <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ac, in a renal cell carcinoma mouse model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      BALB\/c nude mice bearing subcutaneous SK-RC-52 tumours were injected intravenously with 25\u201350 kBq\n                      <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ac-labelled or 1 MBq\n                      <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>\n                      Zr-labelled anti-CAIX antibody, at equal protein dose. Organ and tumour absorbed doses were calculated based on the uptake data at 4, 24, 72, and 168\u00a0h for FcRn(-)hG250 and 24, 72, and 168\u00a0h for hG250. The predictive value of\n                      <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>\n                      Zr for\n                      <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ac was evaluated in both groups, by comparing the predicted\n                      <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ac absorbed dose (based on\n                      <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>\n                      Zr-antibody) and the measured\n                      <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ac absorbed dose.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The biodistribution profile of the theranostic pair\n                      <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>\n                      Zr\/\n                      <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ac was comparable for FcRn(-)hG250. For hG250, significant discrepancies between tumour, spleen and liver uptake were observed. The predicted\n                      <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ac tumour dose was overestimated by 3.9\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0\u00a0Gy (6\u2009\u00b1\u200950.6%) and underestimated by 1413.7\u2009\u00b1\u2009629.1\u00a0Gy (69\u2009\u00b1\u200944.5%) in the FcRn(-)hG250 and hG250 groups, respectively. The deviation of the predicted versus measured\n                      <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ac-dose in off-target organs was most notable in liver and spleen for both antibodies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study highlights variability in the predictive accuracy of the\n                      <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>\n                      Zr\/\n                      <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ac theranostic pair for tumour and organ dosimetry in a ccRCC mouse model, depending on the antibody used. FcRn(-)hG250 enabled accurate tumour dose estimation, whereas hG250 showed mismatched uptake limiting prediction, possibly due to inherent differences in the properties and biological effects of both\n                      <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ac and\n                      <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>\n                      Zr. These findings underscore the need to further investigate how\n                      <jats:sup>89<\/jats:sup>\n                      Zr-PET can be used for\n                      <jats:sup>225<\/jats:sup>\n                      Ac-TRT dose prediction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-026-08076-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T07:15:24Z","timestamp":1784099724000},"page":"7082-7092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predicting tumour and organ dose in \u03b1-radiopharmaceutical therapy: a 89Zr-based dosimetric approach for 225Ac"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Robin I.J.","family":"Merkx","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone C.","family":"Kleinendorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Rijpkema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerben M.","family":"Franssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred","family":"Morgenstern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Bruchertseifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Wheatcroft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egbert","family":"Oosterwijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter F.A.","family":"Mulders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Konijnenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7250-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Heskamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"8076_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0073-9","volume":"19","author":"G Sgouros","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sgouros G, Bodei L, McDevitt MR, Nedrow JR. Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: clinical advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020;19:589\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41573-020-0073-9.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"8076_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607427","volume":"376","author":"J Strosberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Strosberg J, El-Haddad G, Wolin E, Hendifar A, Yao J, Chasen B, et al. Phase 3 Trial of (177)Lu-Dotatate for Midgut Neuroendocrine Tumors. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:125\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1607427.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8076_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2147\/cmar.S35789","volume":"5","author":"J Longo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Longo J, Lutz S, Johnstone C. Samarium-153-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate, a beta-emitting bone-targeted radiopharmaceutical, useful for patients with osteoblastic bone metastases. Cancer Manag Res. 2013;5:235\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/cmar.S35789.","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"key":"8076_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.251017","volume":"62","author":"MJ Zacherl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zacherl MJ, Gildehaus FJ, Mittlmeier L, B\u00f6ning G, Gosewisch A, Wenter V, et al. First Clinical Results for PSMA-Targeted \u03b1-Therapy Using (225)Ac-PSMA-I&T in Advanced-mCRPC Patients. J Nucl Med. 2021;62:669\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.120.251017.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"8076_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1089\/cbr.2019.3105","volume":"35","author":"V Frantellizzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frantellizzi V, Cosma L, Brunotti G, Pani A, Spanu A, Nuvoli S, et al. Targeted Alpha Therapy with Thorium-227. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2020;35:437\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cbr.2019.3105.","journal-title":"Cancer Biother Radiopharm"},{"key":"8076_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1218-1125","volume":"36","author":"E Dolgin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dolgin E. Radioactive drugs emerge from the shadows to storm the market. Nat Biotechnol. 2018;36:1125\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nbt1218-1125.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"8076_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5479","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-19-2806","volume":"79","author":"G Sgouros","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sgouros G. \u03b1-Particle-Emitter Radiopharmaceutical Therapy: Resistance Is Futile. Cancer Res. 2019;79:5479\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.Can-19-2806.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"8076_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4723","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-18-3476","volume":"25","author":"UB Hagemann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hagemann UB, Ellingsen C, Schuhmacher J, Kristian A, Mobergslien A, Cruciani V, et al. Mesothelin-Targeted Thorium-227 Conjugate (MSLN-TTC): Preclinical Evaluation of a New Targeted Alpha Therapy for Mesothelin-Positive Cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25:4723\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.Ccr-18-3476.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"8076_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607673","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402x.2019.1607673","volume":"8","author":"W Dawicki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dawicki W, Allen KJH, Jiao R, Malo ME, Helal M, Berger MS, et al. Daratumumab-(225)Actinium conjugate demonstrates greatly enhanced antitumor activity against experimental multiple myeloma tumors. Oncoimmunology. 2019;8:1607673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2162402x.2019.1607673.","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"8076_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2020.07.008","volume":"31","author":"SA Graves","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graves SA, Hobbs RF. Dosimetry for Optimized, Personalized Radiopharmaceutical Therapy. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2021;31:37\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semradonc.2020.07.008.","journal-title":"Semin Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"8076_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05583-x","volume":"49","author":"G Sgouros","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sgouros G, Frey E, Du Y, Hobbs R, Bolch W. Imaging and dosimetry for alpha-particle emitter radiopharmaceutical therapy: improving radiopharmaceutical therapy by looking into the black box. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;49:18\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-021-05583-x.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"8076_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9721","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.63860","volume":"11","author":"N Benabdallah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Benabdallah N, Scheve W, Dunn N, Silvestros D, Schelker P, Abou D, et al. Practical considerations for quantitative clinical SPECT\/CT imaging of alpha particle emitting radioisotopes. Theranostics. 2021;11:9721\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.63860.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"8076_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-024-00635-1","volume":"11","author":"M Tulik","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tulik M, Kuli\u0144ski R, Tabor Z, Brzozowska B, \u0141aba P, Bruchertseifer F, et al. Quantitative SPECT\/CT imaging of actinium-225 for targeted alpha therapy of glioblastomas. EJNMMI Phys. 2024;11:41. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40658-024-00635-1.","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys"},{"key":"8076_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s40658-022-00481-z","volume":"9","author":"M Kvassheim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kvassheim M, Revheim MR, Stokke C. Quantitative SPECT\/CT imaging of lead-212: a phantom study. EJNMMI Phys. 2022;9:52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40658-022-00481-z.","journal-title":"EJNMMI Phys"},{"key":"8076_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1109\/trpms.2022.3175435","volume":"7","author":"Z Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Z, Benabdallah N, Abou DS, Baumann BC, Dehdashti F, Ballard DH, et al. A Projection-Domain Low-Count Quantitative SPECT Method for \u03b1-Particle-Emitting Radiopharmaceutical Therapy. IEEE Trans Radiat Plasma Med Sci. 2023;7:62\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/trpms.2022.3175435.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Radiat Plasma Med Sci"},{"key":"8076_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2504","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-024-06681-2","volume":"51","author":"G Liubchenko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liubchenko G, B\u00f6ning G, Zacherl M, Rumiantcev M, Unterrainer LM, Gildehaus FJ, et al. Image-based dosimetry for [(225)Ac]Ac-PSMA-I&T therapy and the effect of daughter-specific pharmacokinetics. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2024;51:2504\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-024-06681-2.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"8076_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.267189","volume":"65","author":"MR Griffiths","year":"2024","unstructured":"Griffiths MR, Pattison DA, Latter M, Kuan K, Taylor S, Tieu W, et al. First-in-Human (212)Pb-PSMA-Targeted \u03b1-Therapy SPECT\/CT Imaging in a Patient with Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Nucl Med. 2024;65:664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.123.267189.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"8076_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.120.255794","volume":"62","author":"E Aluicio-Sarduy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aluicio-Sarduy E, Barnhart TE, Weichert J, Hernandez R, Engle JW. Cyclotron-Produced (132)La as a PET Imaging Surrogate for Therapeutic (225)Ac. J Nucl Med. 2021;62:1012\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.120.255794.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"8076_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Merkx RIJ, Rijpkema M, Franssen GM, Kip A, Smeets B, Morgenstern A, et al. Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeted \u03b1-Radionuclide Therapy with 225Ac Inhibits Tumor Growth in a Renal Cell Carcinoma Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph15050570.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15050570"},{"key":"8076_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Kruijff RM, Wolterbeek HT, Denkova AG. A Critical Review of Alpha Radionuclide Therapy-How to Deal with Recoiling Daughters? Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2015;8:321\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph8020321","DOI":"10.3390\/ph8020321"},{"key":"8076_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Courcier J, de la Taille A, Nourieh M, Leguerney I, Lassau N, Ingels A. Carbonic Anhydrase IX in Renal Cell Carcinoma, Implications for Disease Management. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21197146.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197146"},{"key":"8076_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3277","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-021-05271-w","volume":"48","author":"RIJ Merkx","year":"2021","unstructured":"Merkx RIJ, Lobeek D, Konijnenberg M, Jim\u00e9nez-Franco LD, Kluge A, Oosterwijk E, et al. Phase I study to assess safety, biodistribution and radiation dosimetry for (89)Zr-girentuximab in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021;48:3277\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-021-05271-w.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"8076_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.04.026","volume":"74","author":"MCH Hekman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hekman MCH, Rijpkema M, Aarntzen EH, Mulder SF, Langenhuijsen JF, Oosterwijk E, et al. Positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography with (89)Zr-girentuximab Can Aid in Diagnostic Dilemmas of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Suspicion. Eur Urol. 2018;74:257\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.04.026.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"8076_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(24)00402-9","author":"B Shuch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shuch B, Pantuck AJ, Bernhard JC, Morris MA, Master V, Scott AM, et al. [(89)Zr]Zr-girentuximab for PET-CT imaging of clear-cell renal cell carcinoma: a prospective, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1470-2045(24)00402-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"8076_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.11.033","volume":"69","author":"CH Muselaers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muselaers CH, Boers-Sonderen MJ, van Oostenbrugge TJ, Boerman OC, Desar IM, Stillebroer AB, et al. Phase 2 Study of Lutetium 177-Labeled Anti-Carbonic Anhydrase IX Monoclonal Antibody Girentuximab in Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2016;69:767\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.11.033.","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"8076_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1021\/bc00030a012","volume":"5","author":"MR Lewis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lewis MR, Raubitschek A, Shively JE. A facile, water-soluble method for modification of proteins with DOTA. Use of elevated temperature and optimized pH to achieve high specific activity and high chelate stability in radiolabeled immunoconjugates. Bioconjug Chem. 1994;5:565\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bc00030a012.","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem"},{"key":"8076_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/3\/012","volume":"56","author":"J Schwartz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schwartz J, Jaggi JS, O\u2019Donoghue JA, Ruan S, McDevitt M, Larson SM, et al. Renal uptake of bismuth-213 and its contribution to kidney radiation dose following administration of actinium-225-labeled antibody. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56:721\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0031-9155\/56\/3\/012.","journal-title":"Phys Med Biol"},{"key":"8076_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4136-7","volume":"45","author":"JI Gear","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gear JI, Cox MG, Gustafsson J, Gleisner KS, Murray I, Glatting G, et al. EANM practical guidance on uncertainty analysis for molecular radiotherapy absorbed dose calculations. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45:2456\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-018-4136-7.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"8076_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-018-4136-7","volume":"45","author":"JI Gear","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gear JI, Cox MG, Gustafsson J, Gleisner KS, Murray I, Glatting G, et al. EANM practical guidance on uncertainty analysis for molecular radiotherapy absorbed dose calculations. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018;45:2456\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-018-4136-7.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"8076_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1213755","volume":"369","author":"C Parker","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, Helle SI, O\u2019Sullivan JM, Foss\u00e5 SD, et al. Alpha emitter radium-223 and survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:213\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1213755.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8076_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.178673","volume":"57","author":"C Kratochwil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kratochwil C, Bruchertseifer F, Giesel FL, Weis M, Verburg FA, Mottaghy F, et al. 225Ac-PSMA-617 for PSMA-Targeted \u03b1-Radiation Therapy of Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Nucl Med. 2016;57:1941\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.116.178673.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"8076_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmir.2019.11.118","volume":"50","author":"E Atallah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Atallah E, Berger M, Jurcic J, Roboz G, Tse W, Mawad R, et al. A Phase 2 Study of Actinium-225 (225Ac)-lintuzumab in Older Patients with Untreated Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)\u2606 \u2606\u2606. J Med Imaging Radiation Sci. 2019;50:S109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmir.2019.11.118.","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiation Sci"},{"key":"8076_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2155","volume":"7","author":"DC Roopenian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Roopenian DC, Akilesh S. FcRn: the neonatal Fc receptor comes of age. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7:715\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nri2155.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"8076_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.4161\/mabs.28254","volume":"6","author":"V Yip","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yip V, Palma E, Tesar DB, Mundo EE, Bumbaca D, Torres EK, et al. Quantitative cumulative biodistribution of antibodies in mice: effect of modulating binding affinity to the neonatal Fc receptor. MAbs. 2014;6:689\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/mabs.28254.","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"8076_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.267023","volume":"65","author":"K Hebert","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hebert K, Santoro L, Monnier M, Castan F, Berkane I, Ass\u00e9nat E, et al. Absorbed Dose-Response Relationship in Patients with Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Treated with [(177)Lu]Lu-DOTATATE: One Step Closer to Personalized Medicine. J Nucl Med. 2024;65:923\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.123.267023.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"8076_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.123.266991","volume":"65","author":"CF Warfvinge","year":"2024","unstructured":"Warfvinge CF, Gustafsson J, Roth D, Tennvall J, Svensson J, Bernhardt P, et al. Relationship Between Absorbed Dose and Response in Neuroendocrine Tumors Treated with [(177)Lu]Lu-DOTATATE. J Nucl Med. 2024;65:1070\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.123.266991.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"8076_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.03.043","volume":"345","author":"M Ikeda-Imafuku","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ikeda-Imafuku M, Wang LL, Rodrigues D, Shaha S, Zhao Z, Mitragotri S. Strategies to improve the EPR effect: A mechanistic perspective and clinical translation. J Control Release. 2022;345:512\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.03.043.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"8076_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2010.12.011","volume":"38","author":"DS Abou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abou DS, Ku T, Smith-Jones PM. In vivo biodistribution and accumulation of 89Zr in mice. Nucl Med Biol. 2011;38:675\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2010.12.011.","journal-title":"Nucl Med Biol"},{"key":"8076_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-8051(99)00024-4","volume":"26","author":"IA Davis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Davis IA, Glowienka KA, Boll RA, Deal KA, Brechbiel MW, Stabin M, et al. Comparison of 225actinium chelates: tissue distribution and radiotoxicity. Nucl Med Biol. 1999;26:581\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0969-8051(99)00024-4.","journal-title":"Nucl Med Biol"},{"key":"8076_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s41181-024-00258-y","volume":"9","author":"TE Wuensche","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wuensche TE, Lyashchenko S, van Dongen G, Vugts D. Good practices for (89)Zr radiopharmaceutical production and quality control. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem. 2024;9:40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41181-024-00258-y.","journal-title":"EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem"},{"key":"8076_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.2c00190","volume":"33","author":"KJ Kadassery","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kadassery KJ, King AP, Fayn S, Baidoo KE, MacMillan SN, Escorcia FE, et al. H(2)BZmacropa-NCS: A Bifunctional Chelator for Actinium-225 Targeted Alpha Therapy. Bioconjug Chem. 2022;33:1222\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.2c00190.","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem"},{"key":"8076_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-019-04343-2","volume":"46","author":"R Raav\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Raav\u00e9 R, Sandker G, Adumeau P, Jacobsen CB, Mangin F, Meyer M, et al. Direct comparison of the in vitro and in vivo stability of DFO, DFO* and DFOcyclo* for (89)Zr-immunoPET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:1966\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-019-04343-2.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"8076_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-016-3499-x","volume":"44","author":"DJ Vugts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vugts DJ, Klaver C, Sewing C, Poot AJ, Adamzek K, Huegli S, et al. Comparison of the octadentate bifunctional chelator DFO*-pPhe-NCS and the clinically used hexadentate bifunctional chelator DFO-pPhe-NCS for (89)Zr-immuno-PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2017;44:286\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-016-3499-x.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"key":"8076_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.125.270151","volume":"67","author":"M Andersson","year":"2026","unstructured":"Andersson M, Goudin N, Pontoglio M, Reynaert N, Levillain H, Saldarriaga Vargas C. A Computational Multinephron Model for Small-Scale Preclinical Renal Dosimetry in Radiopharmaceutical Therapy. J Nucl Med. 2026;67:126\u201331.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"8076_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.121.262687","volume":"63","author":"H Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang H, Wilson JJ, Orvig C, Li Y, Wilbur DS, Ramogida CF, et al. Harnessing \u03b1-Emitting Radionuclides for Therapy: Radiolabeling Method Review. J Nucl Med. 2022;63:5\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.121.262687.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"8076_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.12.006","volume":"6","author":"K Pelletier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pelletier K, C\u00f4t\u00e9 G, Fallah-Rad N, John R, Kitchlu A. CKD After 225Ac-PSMA617 Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Prostate Cancer. Kidney Int Rep. 2021;6:853\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.12.006.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"8076_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.122.264752","volume":"64","author":"T Ertveldt","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ertveldt T, Krasniqi A, Ceuppens H, Puttemans J, Dekempeneer Y, Jonghe K, et al. Targeted \u03b1-Therapy Using (225)Ac Radiolabeled Single-Domain Antibodies Induces Antigen-Specific Immune Responses and Instills Immunomodulation Both Systemically and at the Tumor Microenvironment. J Nucl Med. 2023;64:751\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.122.264752.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"8076_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/s0969-8051(99)00024-4","volume":"26","author":"IA Davis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Davis IA, Glowienka KA, Boll RA, Deal KA, Brechbiel MW, Stabin M, et al. Comparison of 225actinium chelates: tissue distribution and radiotoxicity. Nucl Med Biol. 1999;26:581\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0969-8051(99)00024-4.","journal-title":"Nucl Med Biol"},{"key":"8076_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair RR, Sarkar A, Hariharan P, Gabrielson KL, Wu T, Liu C, et al. Glioblastoma Treatment by Systemic Actinium-225 \u03b1-particle Dendrimer-radioconjugates is Improved by Chemotherapy. bioRxiv. 2024. 2024.10.17.618960.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.10.17.618960"},{"key":"8076_CR50","first-page":"689","volume":"34","author":"G Sgouros","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sgouros G. Bone marrow dosimetry for radioimmunotherapy: theoretical considerations. J Nucl Med. 1993;34:689\u201394.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"8076_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.125.270151","volume":"67","author":"M Andersson","year":"2026","unstructured":"Andersson M, Goudin N, Pontoglio M, Reynaert N, Levillain H, Saldarriaga Vargas C. A Computational Multinephron Model for Small-Scale Preclinical Renal Dosimetry in Radiopharmaceutical Therapy. J Nucl Med. 2026;67:126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2967\/jnumed.125.270151.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00259-026-08076-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00259-026-08076-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00259-026-08076-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T08:31:51Z","timestamp":1790929911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00259-026-08076-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["8076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-026-08076-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1619-7070","1619-7089"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1619-7070","type":"print"},{"value":"1619-7089","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Animal experiments were approved by the Dutch central committee on animal research and the local ethical committee on animal research (#2015-0071 and #2020-0007).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional review board","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Michael P. Wheatcroft (Chief Scientist) is an employee of Telix Pharmaceuticals Ltd. The authors declare no conflict of interest. SH, SK, and MPW are inventors on a patent involving the combination of [\n                      177\n                      Lu]Lu-DOTA-hG250 with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. SH is an inventor on a patent involving PMSA-targeting ligands for multimodal applications and has equity interest and is scientific advisor for Aurelius Therapeutics. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}