{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T18:43:46Z","timestamp":1760985826604,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 EB005970-09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 EB005970-09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK106419-02","R01 DK083380","K24 DK102595","R01 DK088925","R01 DK100651-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK106419-02","R01 DK083380","K24 DK102595","R01 DK088925","R01 DK100651-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006775","name":"GE Healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006775","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Abdom Radiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02079-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T09:02:36Z","timestamp":1559811756000},"page":"3295-3303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Measurement of spleen fat on MRI-proton density fat fraction arises from reconstruction of noise"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5219-6039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng William","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gavin","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Hooker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlie C.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Calvin Andrew","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter C.","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan C.","family":"Hooker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soudabeh","family":"Fazeli Dehkordy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey B.","family":"Schwimmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott B.","family":"Reeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claude B.","family":"Sirlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2079_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22580","volume":"34","author":"SB Reeder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reeder SB, Cruite I, Hamilton G, Sirlin CB. Quantitative assessment of liver fat with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;34(4):729\u2013749.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"issue":"5","key":"2079_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.23741","volume":"36","author":"SB Reeder","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reeder SB, Hu HH, Sirlin CB. Proton density fat-fraction: a standardized MR-based biomarker of tissue fat concentration. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;36(5):1011\u20131014.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"issue":"3","key":"2079_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10100708","volume":"258","author":"S Meisamy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meisamy S, Hines CDG, Hamilton G, et al. Quantification of hepatic steatosis with T1-independent, T2-corrected MR imaging with spectral modeling of fat: blinded comparison with MR spectroscopy. Radiology. 2011;258(3):767\u2013775.","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"key":"2079_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoo T, Shiehmorteza M, Hamilton G, et al. Estimation of hepatic proton-density fat fraction by using MR imaging at 3.0 T. Radiology. 2011;258(3):749\u2013759.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10100659"},{"key":"2079_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yokoo T, Bydder M, Hamilton G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: diagnostic and fat-grading accuracy of low-flip-angle multiecho gradient-recalled-echo MR imaging at 1.5 T. Radiology. 2009;251(1):67\u201376.","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2511080666"},{"key":"2079_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernando D, Sharma SD, Aliyari Ghasabeh M, et al. Multisite, multivendor validation of the accuracy and reproducibility of proton-density fat-fraction quantification at 1.5T and 3T using a fat-water phantom. Magn Reson Med. 2016","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26228"},{"issue":"8","key":"2079_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.31.8.765","volume":"31","author":"GB Forbes","year":"1978","unstructured":"Forbes GB. Splenic lipidosis after administration of intravenous fat emulsions. J Clin Pathol. 1978;31(8):765\u2013771.","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol."},{"key":"2079_CR8","unstructured":"Cassidy FH, Yokoo T, Aganovic L, et al. Fatty Liver Disease: MR Imaging Techniques for the Detection and Quantification of Liver Steatosis. RadioGraphics. Radiological Society of North America; 2009;29(1):231\u2013260."},{"key":"2079_CR9","unstructured":"\u0130dilman \u0130S, G\u00fcmr\u00fck F, Halilo\u011flu M, Kar\u00e7aalt\u0131ncaba M. The Feasibility of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Quantification of Liver, Pancreas, Spleen, Vertebral Bone Marrow, and Renal Cortex R2* and Proton Density Fat Fraction in Transfusion-Related Iron Overload. Turkish J Haematol Off J Turkish Soc Haematol. Galenos Yayinevi; 2016;33(1):21\u201327."},{"issue":"2","key":"2079_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25748","volume":"47","author":"A Mamidipalli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mamidipalli A, Hamilton G, Manning P, et al. Cross-sectional correlation between hepatic R2* and proton density fat fraction (PDFF) in children with hepatic steatosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2018;47(2):418\u2013424.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"issue":"4","key":"2079_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27647","volume":"61","author":"R Loomba","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loomba R, Sirlin CB, Ang B, et al. Ezetimibe for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: assessment by novel magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance elastography in a randomized trial (MOZART trial). Hepatology. 2015;61(4):1239\u20131250.","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"2079_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui J, Philo L, Nguyen P, et al. Sitagliptin vs. placebo for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol. 2016;65(2):369\u2013376.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.04.021"},{"key":"2079_CR13","unstructured":"Doycheva I, Cui J, Nguyen P, et al. Non-invasive screening of diabetics in primary care for NAFLD and advanced fibrosis by MRI and MRE. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. NIH Public Access; 2016;43(1):83\u201395."},{"issue":"5","key":"2079_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.001","volume":"25","author":"R Loomba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Loomba R, Seguritan V, Li W, et al. Gut Microbiome-Based Metagenomic Signature for Non-invasive Detection of Advanced Fibrosis in Human Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cell Metab. 2017;25(5):1054\u20131062.e5.","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2079_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motosugi U, Hernando D, Wiens C, Bannas P, Reeder SB. High SNR Acquisitions Improve the Repeatability of Liver Fat Quantification Using Confounder-corrected Chemical Shift-encoded MR Imaging. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2017","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.mp.2016-0081"},{"issue":"7","key":"2079_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.1622","volume":"24","author":"G Hamilton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hamilton G, Yokoo T, Bydder M, et al. In vivo characterization of the liver fat 1H MR spectrum. NMR Biomed. 2011;24(7):784\u2013790.","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"issue":"6","key":"2079_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24289","volume":"39","author":"J-P K\u00fchn","year":"2014","unstructured":"K\u00fchn J-P, Hernando D, Mensel B, et al. Quantitative chemical shift-encoded MRI is an accurate method to quantify hepatic steatosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;39(6):1494\u20131501.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"issue":"3","key":"2079_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2007.08.012","volume":"26","author":"M Bydder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bydder M, Yokoo T, Hamilton G, et al. Relaxation effects in the quantification of fat using gradient echo imaging. Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;26(3):347\u2013359.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging."},{"key":"2079_CR19","unstructured":"Hernando D, Hines CDG, Yu H, Reeder SB. Addressing phase errors in fat-water imaging using a mixed magnitude\/complex fitting method. Magn Reson Med. NIH Public Access; 2012;67(3):638\u2013644."},{"issue":"1","key":"2079_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22840","volume":"66","author":"H Yu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu H, Shimakawa A, Hines CDG, et al. Combination of complex-based and magnitude-based multiecho water-fat separation for accurate quantification of fat-fraction. Magn Reson Med. 2011;66(1):199\u2013206.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2079_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24457","volume":"40","author":"J-P K\u00fchn","year":"2014","unstructured":"K\u00fchn J-P, Jahn C, Hernando D, et al. T1 bias in chemical shift-encoded liver fat-fraction: Role of the flip angle. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;40(4):875\u2013883.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"issue":"2","key":"2079_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24153","volume":"39","author":"BL Johnson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Johnson BL, Schroeder ME, Wolfson T, et al. Effect of flip angle on the accuracy and repeatability of hepatic proton density fat fraction estimation by complex data-based, T1-independent, T2*-corrected, spectrum-modeled MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;39(2):440\u2013447.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"issue":"3","key":"2079_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20624","volume":"54","author":"SB Reeder","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reeder SB, Pineda AR, Wen Z, et al. Iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL): application with fast spin-echo imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2005;54(3):636\u2013644.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2079_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20831","volume":"25","author":"SB Reeder","year":"2007","unstructured":"Reeder SB, McKenzie CA, Pineda AR, et al. Water\u2013fat separation with IDEAL gradient-echo imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;25(3):644\u2013652.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"issue":"1","key":"2079_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10675","volume":"51","author":"SB Reeder","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reeder SB, Wen Z, Yu H, et al. Multicoil Dixon chemical species separation with an iterative least-squares estimation method. Magn Reson Med. 2004;51(1):35\u201345.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2079_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21522","volume":"59","author":"D Hernando","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hernando D, Haldar JP, Sutton BP, Ma J, Kellman P, Liang Z-P. Joint estimation of water\/fat images and field inhomogeneity map. Magn Reson Med. 2008;59(3):571\u2013580.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"2079_CR27","unstructured":"Yu H, Shimakawa A, McKenzie CA, Brodsky E, Brittain JH, Reeder SB. Multiecho water-fat separation and simultaneous R2* estimation with multifrequency fat spectrum modeling. Magn Reson Med. NIH Public Access; 2008;60(5):1122\u20131134."},{"issue":"6","key":"2079_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24946","volume":"42","author":"G Hamilton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hamilton G, Middleton MS, Hooker JC, et al. In vivo breath-hold (1) H MRS simultaneous estimation of liver proton density fat fraction, and T1 and T2 of water and fat, with a multi-TR, multi-TE sequence. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;42(6):1538\u20131543.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"issue":"6","key":"2079_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2008.01.050","volume":"26","author":"M Bydder","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bydder M, Hamilton G, Yokoo T, Sirlin CB. Optimal phased-array combination for spectroscopy. Magn Reson Imaging. 2008;26(6):847\u2013850.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging."},{"key":"2079_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanhamme, van den Boogaart A, Van Huffel S. Improved method for accurate and efficient quantification of MRS data with use of prior knowledge. J Magn Reson. 1997;129(1):35\u201343.","DOI":"10.1006\/jmre.1997.1244"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2079_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02668096","volume":"12","author":"A Naressi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Naressi A, Couturier C, Devos JM, et al. Java-based graphical user interface for the MRUI quantitation package. MAGMA. 2001;12(2\u20133):141\u2013152.","journal-title":"MAGMA."},{"key":"2079_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haufe WM, Wolfson T, Hooker CA, et al. Accuracy of PDFF estimation by magnitude-based and complex-based MRI in children with MR spectroscopy as a reference. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2017","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25699"},{"issue":"2","key":"2079_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.24793","volume":"42","author":"MR Bashir","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bashir MR, Huang R, Mayes N, et al. Concordance of hypervascular liver nodule characterization between the organ procurement and transplant network and liver imaging reporting and data system classifications. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;42(2):305\u2013314.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging."},{"key":"2079_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlsson M, Ekstedt M, Dahlstr\u00f6m\u00a0N, et al. Liver R2* is affected by both iron and fat: A dual biopsy-validated study of chronic liver disease. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26601"},{"issue":"2","key":"2079_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.27065","volume":"80","author":"NT Roberts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roberts NT, Hernando D, Holmes JH, Wiens CN, Reeder SB. Noise properties of proton density fat fraction estimated using chemical shift-encoded MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2018;80(2):685\u2013695.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2079_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21301","volume":"58","author":"C-Y Liu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Liu C-Y, McKenzie CA, Yu H, Brittain JH, Reeder SB. Fat quantification with IDEAL gradient echo imaging: correction of bias from T(1) and noise. Magn Reson Med. 2007;58(2):354\u2013364.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2079_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26461","volume":"78","author":"TJ Colgan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colgan TJ, Hernando D, Sharma SD, Reeder SB. The effects of concomitant gradients on chemical shift encoded MRI. Magn Reson Med. 2017;78(2):730\u2013738.","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med."},{"key":"2079_CR38","unstructured":"Yokoo T, Serai SD, Pirasteh A, et al. Linearity, Bias, and Precision of Hepatic Proton Density Fat Fraction Measurements by Using MR Imaging: A Meta-Analysis. Radiology. 2017;170550."},{"issue":"1","key":"2079_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.03.005","volume":"153","author":"P Nasr","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nasr P, Forsgren MF, Ignatova S, et al. Using a 3% Proton Density Fat Fraction as a Cut-Off Value Increases Sensitivity of Detection of Hepatic Steatosis, Based on Results From Histopathology Analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(1):53\u201355.e7.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"6","key":"2079_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-015-0385-0","volume":"40","author":"IS Idilman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Idilman IS, Tuzun A, Savas B, et al. Quantification of liver, pancreas, kidney, and vertebral body MRI-PDFF in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Abdom Imaging. 2015;40(6):1512\u20131519.","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging."},{"issue":"6","key":"2079_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0000000000000141","volume":"26","author":"CW Hong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hong CW, Fazeli Dehkordy S, Hooker JC, Hamilton G, Sirlin CB. Fat Quantification in the Abdomen. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2017;26(6):221\u2013227.","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging."}],"container-title":["Abdominal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00261-019-02079-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00261-019-02079-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00261-019-02079-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,4]],"date-time":"2020-06-04T23:14:24Z","timestamp":1591312464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00261-019-02079-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-019-02079-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-004X","2366-0058"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2366-004X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2366-0058"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}