{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T04:01:23Z","timestamp":1775188883310,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Abdom Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatic ductopenia is a pathologic diagnosis characterized by a decrease in the number of intrahepatic bile ducts as a consequence of various underlying etiologies. Some etiologies, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cholangitis, and ischemic cholangitis, often have distinctive imaging findings. In contrast, other causes such as chronic rejection following liver transplantation, drug-induced biliary injury, infection, malignancy such as lymphoma, and graft-versus-host disease may only have ancillary or non-specific imaging findings. Thus, diagnosing ductopenia in conditions with nonspecific imaging findings requires a multidimensional approach, including clinical evaluation, serological testing, imaging, and liver histology to identify the underlying cause. These etiologies lead to impaired bile flow, resulting in cholestasis, liver dysfunction, and, ultimately, cirrhosis and liver failure if the underlying cause remains untreated or undetected. In the majority of instances, individuals diagnosed with ductopenia exhibit a positive response to treatment addressing the root cause or cessation of the causative agent. This article focuses on acquired causes of ductopenia, its clinical manifestation, histopathology, imaging diagnosis, and management.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-024-04462-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T13:02:19Z","timestamp":1719925339000},"page":"152-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Acquired ductopenia: an insight into imaging findings"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3448-4528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachita","family":"Khot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan R.","family":"Shelman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8131-3003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6390-9877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashmi T.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sudhakar K.","family":"Venkatesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raj Mohan","family":"Paspulati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3537-6179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rex A.","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine O.","family":"Menias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4462_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s005340170002","volume":"8","author":"Y Nakanuma","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nakanuma Y, Tsuneyama K, Harada K. Pathology and pathogenesis of intrahepatic bile duct loss. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2001;8(4):303-315. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s005340170002","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"4462_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2007.11.007","volume":"12","author":"NS Reau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reau NS, Jensen DM. Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome. Clin Liver Dis. 2008;12(1):203-217. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2007.11.007","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis."},{"key":"4462_CR3","unstructured":"Standring S, Gray H, ClinicalKey Flex. Gray\u2019s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. Elsevier; 2021."},{"key":"4462_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Masyuk AI, Masyuk TV, LaRusso NF. Physiology of Cholangiocytes. In: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Elsevier; 2012:1531\u20131557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-382026-6.00056-7","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382026-6.00056-7"},{"key":"4462_CR5","unstructured":"Surgical and radiologic anatomy of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas. Clinical Gate. Published April 9, 2015."},{"key":"4462_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2013.05.002","volume":"4","author":"CSR Babu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Babu CSR, Sharma M. Biliary Tract Anatomy and its Relationship with Venous Drainage. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2014;4:S18-S26. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2013.05.002","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol."},{"key":"4462_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-966253","author":"S Meagher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meagher S, Yusoff I, Kennedy W, Martel M, Adam V, Barkun A. The roles of magnetic resonance and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (MRCP and ERCP) in the diagnosis of patients with suspected sclerosing cholangitis: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Endoscopy. 2007: 222-228. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2007-966253","journal-title":"Endoscopy."},{"issue":"1","key":"4462_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20287","volume":"40","author":"JA Talwalkar","year":"2004","unstructured":"Talwalkar JA, Angulo P, Johnson CD, Petersen BT, Lindor KD. Cost-minimization analysis of MRC versus ERCP for the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology. 2004;40(1):39-45. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.20287","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"1","key":"4462_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-022-03655-6","volume":"48","author":"MA Morgan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morgan MA, Khot R, Sundaram KM, et al. Primary sclerosing cholangitis: review for radiologists. Abdom Radiol. 2023;48(1):136-150. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-022-03655-6","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"4462_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280206","volume":"28","author":"AR Crawford","year":"1998","unstructured":"Crawford AR, Lin XZ, Crawford JM. The normal adult human liver biopsy: A quantitative reference standard. Hepatology. 1998;28(2):323-331. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.510280206","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"3","key":"4462_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22742","volume":"49","author":"DC Rockey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rockey DC, Caldwell SH, Goodman ZD, Nelson RC, Smith AD. Liver biopsy. Hepatology. 2009;49(3):1017-1044. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.22742","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"4","key":"4462_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2022.06.001","volume":"26","author":"F Colapietro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Colapietro F, Bertazzoni A, Lleo A. Contemporary Epidemiology of Primary Biliary Cholangitis. Clin Liver Dis. 2022;26(4):555-570. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cld.2022.06.001","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis."},{"issue":"13","key":"4462_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197309272891306","volume":"289","author":"S Sherlock","year":"1973","unstructured":"Sherlock S, Scheuer PJ. The Presentation and Diagnosis of 100 Patients with Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. N Engl J Med. 1973;289(13):674-678. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM197309272891306","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"4462_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.20197","volume":"119","author":"WR Kim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kim WR, Lindor KD, Locke GR, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis in a U.S. community. Gastroenterology. 2000;119(6):1631-1636. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/gast.2000.20197","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"1","key":"4462_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21230","volume":"44","author":"JL Newton","year":"2006","unstructured":"Newton JL, Gibson GJ, Tomlinson M, Wilton K, Jones D. Fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis is associated with excessive daytime somnolence. Hepatology. 2006;44(1):91-98. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.21230","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"11","key":"4462_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2013-0926","volume":"52","author":"S Hu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hu S, Zhao F, Wang Q, Chen WX. The accuracy of the anti-mitochondrial antibody and the M2 subtype test for diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med CCLM. 2014;52(11):1533-1542. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/cclm-2013-0926","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med CCLM."},{"issue":"1","key":"4462_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30145","volume":"69","author":"KD Lindor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lindor KD, Bowlus CL, Boyer J, Levy C, Mayo M. Primary Biliary Cholangitis: 2018 Practice Guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2019;69(1):394. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.30145","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"10","key":"4462_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.216","volume":"105","author":"T Kumagi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumagi T, Guindi M, Fischer SE, et al. Baseline Ductopenia and Treatment Response Predict Long-Term Histological Progression in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol ACG. 2010;105(10):2186. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2010.216","journal-title":"Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol ACG."},{"key":"4462_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zen Y, H\u00fcbscher SG, Nakanuma Y. 9 - Bile Duct Diseases. In: Burt AD, Ferrell LD, H\u00fcbscher SG, eds. Macsween\u2019s Pathology of the Liver (Seventh Edition). Elsevier; 2018:515\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-7020-6697-9.00009-1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-6697-9.00009-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"4462_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.4.1760885","volume":"176","author":"JS Wenzel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wenzel JS, Donohoe A, Ford KL, Glastad K, Watkins D, Molmenti E. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176(4):885-889. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.176.4.1760885","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4462_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-011-2296-y","volume":"22","author":"JD Kova\u010d","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kova\u010d JD, Je\u0161i\u0107 R, Stanisavljevi\u0107 D, et al. Integrative role of MRI in the evaluation of primary biliary cirrhosis. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(3):688-694. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-011-2296-y","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4462_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120110","volume":"10","author":"Y Meng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meng Y, Liang Y, Liu M. The value of MRI in the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis and assessment of liver fibrosis. PloS One. 2015;10(3):e0120110. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0120110","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"issue":"2","key":"4462_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.220.2.r01au36329","volume":"220","author":"A Blachar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blachar A, Federle MP, Brancatelli G. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Clinical, Pathologic, and Helical CT Findings in 53 Patients. Radiology. 2001;220(2):329-336. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.220.2.r01au36329","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"issue":"9","key":"4462_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06855-0","volume":"30","author":"IS Idilman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Idilman IS, Venkatesh SH, Eaton JE, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging features in 283 patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(9):5139-5148. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-020-06855-0","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4462_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.11.003","volume":"69","author":"N Haliloglu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haliloglu N, Erden A, Erden I. Primary biliary cirrhosis: evaluation with T2-weighted MR imaging and MR cholangiopancreatography. Eur J Radiol. 2009;69(3):523-527. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejrad.2007.11.003","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"4462_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.171.2.2704798","volume":"171","author":"O Matsui","year":"1989","unstructured":"Matsui O, Kadoya M, Takashima T, Kameyama T, Yoshikawa J, Tamura S. Intrahepatic periportal abnormal intensity on MR images: an indication of various hepatobiliary diseases. Radiology. 1989;171(2):335-338. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.171.2.2704798","journal-title":"Radiology."},{"issue":"4","key":"4462_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.176.4.1760891","volume":"176","author":"JN Ly","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ly JN, Miller FH. Periportal Contrast Enhancement and Abnormal Signal Intensity on State-of-the-Art MR Images. Am J Roentgenol. 2001;176(4):891-897. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.176.4.1760891","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol."},{"issue":"10139","key":"4462_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30300-3","volume":"391","author":"JK Dyson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dyson JK, Beuers U, Jones DEJ, Lohse AW, Hudson M. Primary sclerosing cholangitis. Lancet Lond Engl. 2018;391(10139):2547-2559. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30300-3","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl."},{"issue":"5","key":"4462_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.112","volume":"110","author":"KD Lindor","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lindor KD, Kowdley KV, Harrison ME, American College of Gastroenterology. ACG Clinical Guideline: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110(5):646-659; quiz 660. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ajg.2015.112","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"6","key":"4462_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.022","volume":"67","author":"TH Karlsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karlsen TH, Folseraas T, Thorburn D, Vesterhus M. Primary sclerosing cholangitis \u2013 a comprehensive review. J Hepatol. 2017;67(6):1298-1323. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.07.022","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4462_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-022-03551-z","volume":"48","author":"DR Ludwig","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ludwig DR, Anderson MA, Itani M, Sharbidre KG, Lalwani N, Paspulati RM. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis: mimics of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Abdom Radiol. 2023;48(1):151-165. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-022-03551-z","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol."},{"issue":"4, Part B","key":"4462_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.07.026","volume":"1864","author":"M Pinzani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pinzani M, Luong TV. Pathogenesis of biliary fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Mol Basis Dis. 2018;1864(4, Part B):1279-1283. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.07.026","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Mol Basis Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"4462_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-933559","volume":"26","author":"CA O\u2019Mahony","year":"2006","unstructured":"O\u2019Mahony CA, Vierling JM. Etiopathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis. Semin Liver Dis. 2006;26(1):3-21. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2006-933559","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis."},{"issue":"22","key":"4462_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3487","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i22.3487","volume":"12","author":"T Pusl","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pusl T, Beuers U. Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment of vanishing bile duct syndromes. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12(22):3487-3495. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v12.i22.3487","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4462_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.01.009","volume":"44","author":"P Deltenre","year":"2006","unstructured":"Deltenre P, Valla DC. Ischemic cholangiopathy. J Hepatol. 2006;44(4):806-817. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.01.009","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4462_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.147.4.657","volume":"147","author":"P Wozney","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wozney P, Zajko A, Bron K, Point S, Starzl T. Vascular complications after liver transplantation: a 5-year experience. Am J Roentgenol. 1986;147(4):657-663. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.147.4.657","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol."},{"issue":"6","key":"4462_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000003928","volume":"106","author":"KP Croome","year":"2022","unstructured":"Croome KP, Mathur AK, Aqel B, et al. Classification of Distinct Patterns of Ischemic Cholangiopathy Following DCD Liver Transplantation: Distinct Clinical Courses and Long-term Outcomes From a Multicenter Cohort. Transplantation. 2022;106(6):1206. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TP.0000000000003928","journal-title":"Transplantation."},{"issue":"6","key":"4462_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640620924274","volume":"8","author":"MM Kirstein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kirstein MM, Book T, Manns MP, von Hahn T, Voigtl\u00e4nder T. Secondary sclerosing cholangitis in critically ill patients has a poor outcome but lower tumour incidence than primary sclerosing cholangitis. United Eur Gastroenterol J. 2020;8(6):716-724. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050640620924274","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J."},{"issue":"10","key":"4462_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.24192","volume":"21","author":"T Voigtl\u00e4nder","year":"2015","unstructured":"Voigtl\u00e4nder T, Jaeckel E, Lehner F, Manns MP, Lankisch TO. Liver transplantation for critically Ill patients with secondary sclerosing cholangitis: Outcome and complications. Liver Transpl. 2015;21(10):1295. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lt.24192","journal-title":"Liver Transpl."},{"issue":"4","key":"4462_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2017.10.003","volume":"7","author":"NS Choudhary","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choudhary NS, Saigal S, Bansal RK, Saraf N, Gautam D, Soin AS. Acute and Chronic Rejection After Liver Transplantation: What A Clinician Needs to Know. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2017;7(4):358-366. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jceh.2017.10.003","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4462_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1007\/s005340170003","volume":"8","author":"Y Inomata","year":"2001","unstructured":"Inomata Y, Tanaka K. Pathogenesis and treatment of bile duct loss after liver transplantation. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2001;8(4):316-322. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s005340170003","journal-title":"J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg."},{"issue":"10","key":"4462_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2816","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13909","volume":"16","author":"AJ Demetris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Demetris AJ, Bellamy C, H\u00fcbscher SG, et al. 2016 Comprehensive Update of the Banff Working Group on Liver Allograft Pathology: Introduction of Antibody-Mediated Rejection. Am J Transplant. 2016;16(10):2816-2835. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ajt.13909","journal-title":"Am J Transplant."},{"issue":"4","key":"4462_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/cld.540","volume":"7","author":"A Fedoravicius","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fedoravicius A, Charlton M. Abnormal liver tests after liver transplantation. Clin Liver Dis. 2016;7(4):73-79. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cld.540","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"4462_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/lt.500050519","volume":"5","author":"RH Wiesner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wiesner RH, Batts KP, Krom RAF. Evolving concepts in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of chronic hepatic allograft rejection. Liver Transpl Surg. 1999;5(5):388-400. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lt.500050519","journal-title":"Liver Transpl Surg."},{"issue":"1","key":"4462_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-022-03714-y","volume":"48","author":"R Khot","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khot R, Morgan MA, Nair RT, et al. Radiologic findings of biliary complications post liver transplantation. Abdom Radiol N Y. 2023;48(1):166-185. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-022-03714-y","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol N Y."},{"issue":"4","key":"4462_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2016(04)07","volume":"71","author":"ACA Tannuri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tannuri ACA, Lima F, de Mello ES, Tanigawa RY, Tannuri U. Prognostic factors for the evolution and reversibility of chronic rejection in pediatric liver transplantation. Clinics. 2016;71(4):216-220. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6061\/clinics\/2016(04)07","journal-title":"Clinics."},{"issue":"3","key":"4462_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2014.12.037","volume":"47","author":"H Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim H, Lee KW, Yi NJ, et al. Outcome and Technical Aspects of Liver Retransplantation: Analysis of 25-Year Experience in a Single Major Center. Transplant Proc. 2015;47(3):727-729. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.transproceed.2014.12.037","journal-title":"Transplant Proc."},{"key":"4462_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04519-6_22","volume-title":"Clinical Hepatology: Principles and Practice of Hepatobiliary Diseases","author":"H Dancygier","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dancygier H. Biliary Ductopenia (Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome). In: Dancygier H, ed. Clinical Hepatology: Principles and Practice of Hepatobiliary Diseases. Springer; 2010:921-924. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-04519-6_22"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4462_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e858","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002280","volume":"33","author":"B Pi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pi B, Wang J, Tong Y, Yang Q, Lv F, Yu Y. Immune-related cholangitis induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review of clinical features and management. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;33(Suppl 1):e858-e867. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MEG.0000000000002280","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"11","key":"4462_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2000.2369.x","volume":"15","author":"AP Geubel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Geubel AP, Sempoux CL. Drug and toxin-induced bile duct disorders. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000;15(11):1232-1238. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2000.2369.x","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4462_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28967","volume":"65","author":"HL Bonkovsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonkovsky HL, Kleiner DE, Gu J, et al. Clinical presentations and outcomes of bile duct loss caused by drugs and herbal and dietary supplements. Hepatology. 2017;65(4):1267-1277. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.28967","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"issue":"4, Part B","key":"4462_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.08.033","volume":"1864","author":"M Visentin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Visentin M, Lenggenhager D, Gai Z, Kullak-Ublick GA. Drug-induced bile duct injury. Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Mol Basis Dis. 2018;1864(4, Part B):1498-1506. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.08.033","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta BBA - Mol Basis Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"4462_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1088","volume":"1","author":"V Sundaram","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sundaram V, Bj\u00f6rnsson ES. Drug\u2010induced cholestasis. Hepatol Commun. 2017;1(8):726-735. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep4.1088","journal-title":"Hepatol Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"4462_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-019-00474-0","volume":"18","author":"P Grewal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Grewal P, Ahmad J. Bile Duct Injury due to Drug Induced Liver Injury. Curr Hepatol Rep. 2019;18(3):269-273. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11901-019-00474-0","journal-title":"Curr Hepatol Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"4462_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016150132","volume":"36","author":"MJ McGettigan","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGettigan MJ, Menias CO, Gao ZJ, Mellnick VM, Hara AK. Imaging of Drug-induced Complications in the Gastrointestinal System. RadioGraphics. 2016;36(1):71-87. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.2016150132","journal-title":"RadioGraphics."},{"issue":"2","key":"4462_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2001.021002081.x","volume":"21","author":"JK Delladetsima","year":"2001","unstructured":"Delladetsima JK, Makris F, Psichogiou M, Kostakis A, Hatzakis A, Boletis JN. Cholestatic syndrome with bile duct damage and loss in renal transplant recipients with HCV infection. Liver. 2001;21(2):81-88. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0676.2001.021002081.x","journal-title":"Liver."},{"issue":"3","key":"4462_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-3767.41740","volume":"14","author":"E Gupta","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gupta E, Chakravarti A. Viral Infections of the Biliary Tract. Saudi J Gastroenterol Off J Saudi Gastroenterol Assoc. 2008;14(3):158-160. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/1319-3767.41740","journal-title":"Saudi J Gastroenterol Off J Saudi Gastroenterol Assoc."},{"issue":"7","key":"4462_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.297095051","volume":"29","author":"OA Catalano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Catalano OA, Sahani DV, Forcione DG, et al. Biliary infections: spectrum of imaging findings and management. Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc. 2009;29(7):2059-2080. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.297095051","journal-title":"Radiogr Rev Publ Radiol Soc N Am Inc."},{"issue":"1","key":"4462_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W28","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1104","volume":"192","author":"EJ Heffernan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Heffernan EJ, Geoghegan T, Munk PL, Ho SG, Harris AC. Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis: From Imaging to Intervention. Am J Roentgenol. 2009;192(1):W28-W35. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.08.1104","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol."},{"issue":"8","key":"4462_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201511-760OC","volume":"13","author":"RP Baughman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Baughman RP, Field S, Costabel U, et al. Sarcoidosis in America. Analysis Based on Health Care Use. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13(8):1244-1252. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201511-760OC","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc."},{"issue":"11","key":"4462_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2016.1196135","volume":"12","author":"A Chopra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chopra A, Kalkanis A, Judson MA. Biomarkers in sarcoidosis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2016;12(11):1191-1208. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1744666X.2016.1196135","journal-title":"Expert Rev Clin Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"4462_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199010000-00014","volume":"12","author":"JR Murphy","year":"1990","unstructured":"Murphy JR, Sjogren MH, Kikendall JW, Peura DA, Goodman Z. Small Bile Duct Abnormalities in Sarcoidosis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1990;12(5):555.","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"4462_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3283541626","volume":"18","author":"JP Cremers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cremers JP, Drent M, Baughman RP, Wijnen PA, Koek GH. Therapeutic approach of hepatic sarcoidosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2012;18(5):472. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCP.0b013e3283541626","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"4462_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840170114","volume":"17","author":"SG Hubscher","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hubscher SG, Lumley MA, Elias E. Vanishing bile duct syndrome: a possible mechanism for intrahepatic cholestasis in Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma. Hepatol Baltim Md. 1993;17(1):70-77.","journal-title":"Hepatol Baltim Md."},{"issue":"2","key":"4462_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1987.tb00320.x","volume":"7","author":"M Bruguera","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bruguera M, Caballero T, Carreras E, Aymerich M, Rod\u00e9s J, Rozman C. Hepatic sinusoidal dilatation in Hodgkin\u2019s disease. Liver. 1987;7(2):76-80. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0676.1987.tb00320.x","journal-title":"Liver."},{"issue":"5","key":"4462_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.14740\/jmc4073","volume":"14","author":"O Nano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nano O, Ivanov S, Kapoor T. Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome in a Patient With Recurrent Hodgkin Lymphoma. J Med Cases. 2023;14(5):162-168. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14740\/jmc4073","journal-title":"J Med Cases."},{"issue":"2","key":"4462_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i2.366","volume":"23","author":"M Bakhit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bakhit M, McCarty TR, Park S, et al. Vanishing bile duct syndrome in Hodgkin&rsquo;s lymphoma: A case report and literature review. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23(2):366-372. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v23.i2.366","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"11","key":"4462_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2013.05.002","volume":"29","author":"KM Wong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wong KM, Chang CS, Wu CC, Yin HL. Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma-related vanishing bile duct syndrome: A case report and literature review. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2013;29(11):636-641. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kjms.2013.05.002","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci."},{"key":"4462_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-529","volume":"7","author":"D Rota Scalabrini","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rota Scalabrini D, Caravelli D, Carnevale Schianca F, et al. Complete remission of paraneoplastic vanishing bile duct syndrome after the successful treatment of Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:529. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-0500-7-529","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes."},{"issue":"22","key":"4462_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000026110","volume":"100","author":"J Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu J, Zhou Y, Li Q, Zhang J, Mao Y. Primary biliary non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(22):e26110. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000026110","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"issue":"10","key":"4462_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19821115)50:10<2218::AID-CNCR2820501041>3.0.CO;2-4","volume":"50","author":"GK Nguyen","year":"1982","unstructured":"Nguyen GK. Primary extranodal non-Hodgkin\u2019S lymphoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts report of a case. Cancer. 1982;50(10):2218-2222. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1097-0142(19821115)50:10<2218::AID-CNCR2820501041>3.0.CO;2-4","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"issue":"5","key":"4462_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860701644078","volume":"47","author":"A Ballonoff","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ballonoff A, Kavanagh B, Nash R, et al. Hodgkin lymphoma-related vanishing bile duct syndrome and idiopathic cholestasis: Statistical analysis of all published cases and literature review. Acta Oncol. 2008;47(5):962-970. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02841860701644078","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"issue":"12","key":"4462_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2005.09.004","volume":"11","author":"AH Filipovich","year":"2005","unstructured":"Filipovich AH, Weisdorf D, Pavletic S, et al. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: I. Diagnosis and Staging Working Group Report. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2005;11(12):945-956. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbmt.2005.09.004","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant."},{"issue":"5","key":"4462_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0000000000000032","volume":"21","author":"N Kambham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kambham N, Higgins JP, Sundram U, Troxell ML. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Graft Versus Host Disease and Pathology of Gastrointestinal Tract, Liver, and Lung. Adv Anat Pathol. 2014;21(5):301. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAP.0000000000000032","journal-title":"Adv Anat Pathol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4462_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S21","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.036","volume":"7","author":"KE Matsukuma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matsukuma KE, Wei D, Sun K, Ramsamooj R, Chen M. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of hepatic graft versus host disease (GVHD). J Gastrointest Oncol. 2016;7(Suppl 1):S21. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3978\/j.issn.2078-6891.2015.036","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Oncol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4462_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W181","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1953","volume":"193","author":"D Ketelsen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ketelsen D, Vogel W, Bethge W, et al. Enlargement of the Common Bile Duct in Patients With Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease: What Does It Mean? Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(3):W181-W185. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.08.1953","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol."}],"container-title":["Abdominal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00261-024-04462-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00261-024-04462-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00261-024-04462-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T02:03:06Z","timestamp":1736388186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00261-024-04462-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["4462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-024-04462-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-0058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2366-0058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}