{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T08:29:51Z","timestamp":1786696191291,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005639","name":"Universidade De S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005639","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Abdom Radiol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The increasing use of cross-sectional imaging\u2014particularly abdominal computed tomography (CT)\u2014together with the global rise in obesity has brought renewed attention to a fat-containing structure posterior to the umbilical scar that is frequently labeled as an \u201cumbilical hernia\u201d in radiology reports. Historical anatomical literature, however, describes this configuration as the\n                      <jats:italic>umbilical canal<\/jats:italic>\n                      , a variable, habitus-dependent space between the posterior surface of the linea alba and a reinforcing lamella of the transversalis fascia, often filled with preperitoneal fat and containing embryologic remnants of the umbilical vessels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To revisit the anatomical foundations of the umbilical canal, correlate classical descriptions with modern CT appearances, and examine how contemporary surgical risk metrics may be inappropriately extrapolated to this structure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Classical anatomical and surgical literature\u2014from Scarpa, Richet, Gauderon, and Cullen to early twentieth-century surgical pathology\u2014consistently distinguishes true umbilical hernia, defined by a peritoneal-lined sac, a fascial neck, and visceral content, from preperitoneal fat protrusions within the linea alba. Modern CT imaging frequently demonstrates a funnel-shaped, fat-filled tract posterior to the umbilical scar that corresponds to the historically described umbilical canal rather than a true hernia. Because this configuration lacks a peritoneal sac and a discrete fascial neck, applying hernia-based morphologic risk metrics may lead to diagnostic ambiguity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recognizing the umbilical canal as a distinct anatomical configuration rather than a true umbilical hernia may improve terminological precision in radiology reporting, enhance interdisciplinary communication, and help avoid potential overdiagnosis and unnecessary surgical referral.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-026-05440-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:52:42Z","timestamp":1773057162000},"page":"4619-4625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The umbilical canal revisited: historical anatomy and radiologic implications of a commonly misnamed CT finding"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Vaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vin\u00edcius Cardoso","family":"Serra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Pietroski","family":"Reifegerste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"5440_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(03)00119-1","volume":"83","author":"U Muschaweck","year":"2003","unstructured":"Muschaweck, U. Umbilical and epigastric hernia repair. Surg Clin N Am 2003;83(5):1207\u20131221.","journal-title":"Surg Clin N Am"},{"key":"5440_CR2","volume-title":"Embryology, Anatomy, and Diseases of the Umbilicus","author":"TS Cullen","year":"1916","unstructured":"Cullen TS. Embryology, Anatomy, and Diseases of the Umbilicus. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1916."},{"key":"5440_CR3","volume-title":"The Anatomy and Surgical Treatment of Abdominal Hernia","author":"A Cooper","year":"1844","unstructured":"Cooper A. The Anatomy and Surgical Treatment of Abdominal Hernia. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard; 1844."},{"key":"5440_CR4","volume-title":"Nyhus and Condon\u2019s hernia","author":"RJ Fitzgibbons","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fitzgibbons RJ, Greenburg AG. Nyhus and Condon\u2019s hernia. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002."},{"issue":"4","key":"5440_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01194437","volume":"3","author":"M Velasco","year":"1999","unstructured":"Velasco M, Garcia-Urena MA, Hidalgo M, Vega V, Carnero FJ. Current concepts on adult umbilical hernia. Hernia 1999;3(4):233\u2013239.","journal-title":"Hernia"},{"key":"5440_CR6","volume-title":"Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments: A Definitive Edition of the Arabic Text with English Translation and Commentary","author":"MS Spink","year":"1973","unstructured":"Spink MS, Lewis GL. Albucasis on Surgery and Instruments: A Definitive Edition of the Arabic Text with English Translation and Commentary. London: Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine; 1973."},{"key":"5440_CR7","volume-title":"A Treatise on Hernia","author":"A Scarpa","year":"1814","unstructured":"Scarpa A. A Treatise on Hernia. Edinburgh: Thomas Bryce & Co; 1814."},{"issue":"5","key":"5440_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-191505000-00006","volume":"61","author":"AV Moschcowitz","year":"1915","unstructured":"Moschcowitz AV. The pathogenesis of umbilical hernia. Annals of Surgery 1915;61(5):570\u2013581.","journal-title":"Annals of Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"5440_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11489","volume":"107","author":"NA Henriksen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henriksen NA, Montgomery A, Kaufmann R, Berrevoet F, East B, Fischer J, et al. Guidelines for treatment of umbilical and epigastric hernias from the European Hernia Society and Americas Hernia Society. Journal of British Surgery 2020;107(3):171\u2013190.","journal-title":"Journal of British Surgery"},{"issue":"9","key":"5440_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3556-4","volume":"40","author":"T Fueter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fueter T, Sch\u00e4fer M, Fournier P, Bize P, Demartines N, Allemann P. The hernia\u2013neck-ratio (HNR), a novel predictive factor for complications of umbilical hernia. World journal of surgery 2016;40(9):2084\u20132090.","journal-title":"World journal of surgery"},{"issue":"12","key":"5440_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9374","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-022-09213-x","volume":"36","author":"TJ James","year":"2022","unstructured":"James TJ, Wu J, Won P, Hawley L, Putnam LR, Nguyen JD, et al. Hernia-to-neck ratio is associated with emergent ventral hernia repair. Surgical Endoscopy 2022;36(12):9374\u20139378.","journal-title":"Surgical Endoscopy"}],"container-title":["Abdominal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05440-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05440-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05440-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T08:03:00Z","timestamp":1786694580000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05440-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"references-count":11,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5440"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05440-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-0058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2366-0058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}