{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T05:50:54Z","timestamp":1793166654552,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Abdom Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-026-05503-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T18:41:32Z","timestamp":1776451292000},"page":"4872-4889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Perianal pathology beyond fistulizing disease: spectrum of MRI findings and diagnostic pitfalls"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Fornell-Perez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"5503_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-017-1306-1","volume":"43","author":"A Erden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Erden A (2018) MRI of anal canal: common anal and perianal disorders beyond fistulas: Part 2. Abdom Radiol 43:1353\u20131367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-017-1306-1","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.3201","volume":"15","author":"MC Schubert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schubert MC, Sridhar S, Schade RR, Wexner SD (2009) What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders. WJG 15:3201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.15.3201","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"5503_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.3348\/jksr.2024.0095","volume":"86","author":"YJ Park","year":"2025","unstructured":"Park YJ, Park SH, Yoon S, Lim HJ (2025) Review of Various Perianal Lesions on CT and MRI. J Korean Soc Radiol 86:951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3348\/jksr.2024.0095","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-025-05128-y","author":"MA Haouari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Haouari MA, Gall\u00e9go C, De Parades V, et al (2025) Imaging of perineal suppurations: a pictorial essay. Abdom Radiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-025-05128-y","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-017-1305-2","volume":"43","author":"A Erden","year":"2018","unstructured":"Erden A (2018) MRI of anal canal: normal anatomy, imaging protocol, and perianal fistulas: Part 1. Abdom Radiol 43:1334\u20131352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-017-1305-2","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1781459","volume":"34","author":"A Augustine","year":"2024","unstructured":"Augustine A, Issac R, Lakhani A, et al (2024) Anal and Perianal Masses: The Common, the Uncommon, and the Rare. Indian J Radiol Imaging 34:688\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0044-1781459","journal-title":"Indian J Radiol Imaging"},{"key":"5503_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019180173","volume":"39","author":"S Nougaret","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nougaret S, Nikolovski I, Paroder V, et al (2019) MRI of Tumors and Tumor Mimics in the Female Pelvis: Anatomic Pelvic Space\u2013based Approach. RadioGraphics 39:1205\u20131229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.2019180173","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"5503_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liang F, Li J, Yu K, et al (2020) Tailgut Cysts with Malignant Transformation: Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Med Sci Monit 26:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/MSM.919803","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.919803"},{"key":"5503_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jscr\/rjy021","author":"RH McCarroll","year":"2018","unstructured":"McCarroll RH, Moore LJ (2018) Transanal minimally invasive surgery for resection of retrorectal cyst. Journal of Surgical Case Reports 2018:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jscr\/rjy021","journal-title":"Journal of Surgical Case Reports 2018"},{"key":"5503_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mastoraki A, Giannakodimos I, Panagiotou K, et al (2021) Epidemiology, diagnostic approach and therapeutic management of tailgut cysts: A systematic review. Int J Clin Pract 75:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijcp.14546","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14546"},{"key":"5503_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.184.5.01841519","volume":"184","author":"DM Yang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yang DM, Park CH, Jin W, et al (2005) Tailgut Cyst: MRI Evaluation. American Journal of Roentgenology 184:1519\u20131523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.184.5.01841519","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"5503_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00200409","volume":"20","author":"G Liessi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Liessi G, Cesari S, Pavanello M, Butini R (1995) Tailgut cysts: CT and MR findings. Abdom Imaging 20:256\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00200409","journal-title":"Abdom Imaging"},{"key":"5503_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.3.g01ma13575","volume":"21","author":"H Dahan","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dahan H, Arriv\u00e9 L, Wendum D, et al (2001) Retrorectal Developmental Cysts in Adults: Clinical and Radiologic-Histopathologic Review, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment. RadioGraphics 21:575\u2013584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiographics.21.3.g01ma13575","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"5503_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.0044","volume":"186","author":"SH Hong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hong SH, Chung HW, Choi J-Y, et al (2006) MRI Findings of Subcutaneous Epidermal Cysts: Emphasis on the Presence of Rupture. American Journal of Roentgenology 186:961\u2013966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.05.0044","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"5503_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.2484\/rcr.v8i1.593","volume":"8","author":"R Turkay","year":"2013","unstructured":"Turkay R, Caymaz I, Yildiz B, et al (2013) A rare case of epidermoid cyst of perineum: Diffusion-weighted MRI and ultrasonography findings. Radiology Case Reports 8:593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2484\/rcr.v8i1.593","journal-title":"Radiology Case Reports"},{"key":"5503_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20150352","DOI":"10.1259\/bjrcr.20150352","volume":"3","author":"U Saeed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saeed U, Mazhar N (2017) Epidermoid cyst of perineum: a rare case in a young female. BJR|case reports 3:20150352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/bjrcr.20150352","journal-title":"BJR|case reports"},{"key":"5503_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alvi MI, Mubarak F, Khandwala K, et al (2018) A Rare Case of Presacral Epidermoid Cyst in an Adult Male: Emphasis on Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Sequences in Preoperative Imaging. Cureus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.2050","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.2050"},{"key":"5503_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5822","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i46.5822","volume":"16","author":"B-L Yang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yang B-L (2010) Retrorectal tumors in adults: Magnetic resonance imaging findings. WJG 16:5822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v16.i46.5822","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"5503_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2018170151","volume":"38","author":"J Choe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Choe J, Wortman JR, Sodickson AD, et al (2018) Imaging of Acute Conditions of the Perineum. RadioGraphics 38:1111\u20131130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.2018170151","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"5503_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2009.10.001","volume":"90","author":"JA Rizzo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rizzo JA, Naig AL, Johnson EK (2010) Anorectal Abscess and Fistula-in-Ano: Evidence-Based Management. Surgical Clinics of North America 90:45\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.suc.2009.10.001","journal-title":"Surgical Clinics of North America"},{"key":"5503_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.12934","volume":"63","author":"DC O\u2019Neill","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill DC, Murray TE, Thornton E, et al (2019) Imaging features of Benign Perianal lesions. J Med Imag Rad Onc 63:617\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1754-9485.12934","journal-title":"J Med Imag Rad Onc"},{"key":"5503_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-015-2500-7","volume":"31","author":"K Adamo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Adamo K, Sandblom G, Br\u00e4nnstr\u00f6m F, Strig\u00e5rd K (2016) Prevalence and recurrence rate of perianal abscess\u2014a population-based study, Sweden 1997\u20132009. Int J Colorectal Dis 31:669\u2013673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-015-2500-7","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"5503_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-018-1543-y","volume":"43","author":"D Becker-Weidman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Becker-Weidman D, Mhuircheartaigh JN, Mortele KJ (2018) The skinny on skin: MRI features of cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions detected on body MRI studies. Abdom Radiol 43:2823\u20132850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-018-1543-y","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.321115040","volume":"32","author":"J De Miguel Criado","year":"2012","unstructured":"De Miguel Criado J, Del Salto LG, Rivas PF, et al (2012) MR Imaging Evaluation of Perianal Fistulas: Spectrum of Imaging Features. RadioGraphics 32:175\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.321115040","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"5503_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2168.2000.01497.x","volume":"87","author":"N Eke","year":"2000","unstructured":"Eke N (2000) Fournier\u2019s gangrene: a review of 1726 cases. Journal of British Surgery 87:718\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2168.2000.01497.x","journal-title":"Journal of British Surgery"},{"key":"5503_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024427418743","volume":"34","author":"IH Atakan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Atakan IH, Kaplan M, Kaya E, et al (2002) A life-threatening infection: Fournier\u2019s gangrene. Int Urol Nephrol 34:387\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1024427418743","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"5503_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.282075048","volume":"28","author":"RB Levenson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Levenson RB, Singh AK, Novelline RA (2008) Fournier Gangrene: Role of Imaging. RadioGraphics 28:519\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.282075048","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"5503_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2017.00036","volume":"4","author":"O Ioannidis","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ioannidis O, Kitsikosta L, Tatsis D, et al (2017) Fournier\u2019s Gangrene: Lessons Learned from Multimodal and Multidisciplinary Management of Perineal Necrotizing Fasciitis. Front Surg 4:36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2017.00036","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"5503_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2024.110331","volume":"116","author":"S Kochkine","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kochkine S, Payne DL, Chung K, et al (2024) Imaging of necrotizing fasciitis. Clinical Imaging 116:110331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinimag.2024.110331","journal-title":"Clinical Imaging"},{"key":"5503_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lin M, Chen Y, Cheng J, Lu C (2018) Early signs of Fournier gangrene: Radiological characteristics. Radiol Diagn Imaging 2:. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15761\/RDI.1000139","DOI":"10.15761\/RDI.1000139"},{"key":"5503_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-020-02549-9","volume":"45","author":"S Wongwaisayawan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wongwaisayawan S, Krishna S, Haroon M, et al (2020) Fournier gangrene: pictorial review. Abdom Radiol 45:3838\u20133848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-020-02549-9","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.170.3.9490940","volume":"170","author":"MR Schmid","year":"1998","unstructured":"Schmid MR, Kossmann T, Duewell S (1998) Differentiation of necrotizing fasciitis and cellulitis using MR imaging. American Journal of Roentgenology 170:615\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.170.3.9490940","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"5503_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S1072-7515(98)00192-6","volume":"187","author":"TE Brothers","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brothers TE, Tagge DU, Stutley JE, et al (1998) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differentiates Between Necrotizing and Non-Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Lower Extremity. Journal of the American College of Surgeons 187:416\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1072-7515(98)00192-6","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Surgeons"},{"key":"5503_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.11101164","volume":"259","author":"K-T Kim","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kim K-T, Kim YJ, Won Lee J, et al (2011) Can Necrotizing Infectious Fasciitis Be Differentiated from Nonnecrotizing Infectious Fasciitis with MR Imaging? Radiology 259:816\u2013824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.11101164","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"5503_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2263011758","volume":"226","author":"SA Taylor","year":"2003","unstructured":"Taylor SA, Halligan S, Bartram CI (2003) Pilonidal Sinus Disease: MR Imaging Distinction from Fistula in Ano. Radiology 226:662\u2013667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2263011758","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"5503_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviscsurg.2013.05.006","volume":"150","author":"V De Parades","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Parades V, Bouchard D, Janier M, Berger A (2013) Pilonidal sinus disease. Journal of Visceral Surgery 150:237\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jviscsurg.2013.05.006","journal-title":"Journal of Visceral Surgery"},{"key":"5503_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2025.08.005","volume":"106","author":"ML O\u2019Guinn","year":"2026","unstructured":"O\u2019Guinn ML, Nguyen ML, Raman S, Lin M (2026) Pilonidal Disease. Surgical Clinics of North America 106:35\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.suc.2025.08.005","journal-title":"Surgical Clinics of North America"},{"key":"5503_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001237","volume":"62","author":"EK Johnson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Johnson EK, Vogel JD, Cowan ML, et al (2019) The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons\u2019 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Pilonidal Disease. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 62:146\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DCR.0000000000001237","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"key":"5503_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2018.17499","volume":"25","author":"Artvin State Hospital","year":"2019","unstructured":"Department of Radiology, Artvin State Hospital, Artvin, Turkey, Balci S, Onur MR, et al (2019) MRI evaluation of anal and perianal diseases. Diagn Interv Radiol 25:21\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5152\/dir.2018.17499","journal-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.07.060","volume":"19","author":"F Saddouki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saddouki F, Oussi F, Rhalem I, et al (2024) Radiology of malignant degeneration of pilonidal sinus: Report of a case and review of the literature. Radiology Case Reports 19:4631\u20134635. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.radcr.2024.07.060","journal-title":"Radiology Case Reports"},{"key":"5503_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03356.x","volume":"23","author":"J Revuz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Revuz J (2009) Hidradenitis suppurativa. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 23:985\u2013998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03356.x","journal-title":"Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology"},{"key":"5503_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e240066","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.240066","volume":"44","author":"C De \u00c1vilaAlmeida","year":"2024","unstructured":"\u00c1vila De Almeida C, Haui P, Martins Costa F, et al (2024) Essential Considerations for Radiologists in Diagnosing Hidradenitis Suppurativa. RadioGraphics 44:e240066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.240066","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"5503_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.08.090","volume":"82","author":"SR Goldburg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goldburg SR, Strober BE, Payette MJ (2020) Hidradenitis suppurativa: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, and pathogenesis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 82:1045\u20131058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.08.090","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology"},{"key":"5503_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2023.11.003","volume":"104","author":"S Singh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh S, Desai K, Gillern S (2024) Management of Pilonidal Disease and Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Surgical Clinics of North America 104:503\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.suc.2023.11.003","journal-title":"Surgical Clinics of North America"},{"key":"5503_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2023.126563","volume":"40","author":"M Gierek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gierek M, Niemiec P, Szyluk K, et al (2023) Hidradenitis suppurativa and squamous cell carcinoma:a systemic review of the literature. pdia 40:350\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/ada.2023.126563","journal-title":"pdia"},{"key":"5503_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.04.1233","volume":"185","author":"AM Kelly","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kelly AM, Cronin P (2005) MRI Features of Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Review of the Literature. American Journal of Roentgenology 185:1201\u20131204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.04.1233","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"5503_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4100","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-4776-1","volume":"27","author":"L Monnier","year":"2017","unstructured":"Monnier L, Dohan A, Amara N, et al (2017) Anoperineal disease in Hidradenitis Suppurativa : MR imaging distinction from perianal Crohn\u2019s disease. Eur Radiol 27:4100\u20134109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-017-4776-1","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3393\/ac.2018.09.06.1","volume":"36","author":"GJ Seo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seo GJ, Seo JH, Cho KJ, Cho H-S (2020) Anal Gland\/Duct Cyst: A Case Report. Ann Coloproctol 36:204\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3393\/ac.2018.09.06.1","journal-title":"Ann Coloproctol"},{"key":"5503_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02236904","volume":"41","author":"MN Kulaylat","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kulaylat MN, Doerr RJ, Neuwirth M, Satchidanand SK (1998) Anal duct\/gland cyst: Report of a case and review of the literature. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 41:103\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02236904","journal-title":"Diseases of the Colon & Rectum"},{"key":"5503_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.0122c.x","volume":"83","author":"C Chang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chang C, Peng M, Lai H, et al (2004) Anogenital lymphangioma circumscriptum masquerading as condyloma accuminata. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83:1093\u20131094. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.0122c.x","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"5503_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.182.6.1821485","volume":"182","author":"AD Levy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Levy AD, Cantisani V, Miettinen M (2004) Abdominal Lymphangiomas: Imaging Features with Pathologic Correlation. American Journal of Roentgenology 182:1485\u20131491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/ajr.182.6.1821485","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"5503_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-021-00713-y","volume":"53","author":"M Ates","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ates M, Akbulut S, Tuncer A, et al (2022) Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising from Perianal Buschke-Lowenstein Tumor (Giant Condyloma Acuminatum): Comprehensive Literature Review. J Gastrointest Canc 53:1083\u20131092. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12029-021-00713-y","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Canc"},{"key":"5503_CR53","volume-title":"Condyloma Acuminata","author":"K Pennycook","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pennycook K, McCready T (2025) Condyloma Acuminata. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL)"},{"key":"5503_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15570","volume":"33","author":"C O\u2019Mahony","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Mahony C, Gomberg M, Skerlev M, et al (2019) Position statement for the diagnosis and management of anogenital warts. Acad Dermatol Venereol 33:1006\u20131019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jdv.15570","journal-title":"Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"5503_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016150209","volume":"36","author":"VR Surabhi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Surabhi VR, Menias CO, Amer AM, et al (2016) Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of the Anal Canal and Perianal Region: MR Imaging Findings. RadioGraphics 36:1339\u20131353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.2016150209","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"5503_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1996.16233.x","volume":"78","author":"Y Takezawa","year":"1996","unstructured":"Takezawa Y, Shimizu N, Kurokawa K, et al (1996) Appearance on magnetic resonance imaging of Buschke-Lowenstein tumour. Br J Urol 78:308\u2013309","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"5503_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-93082014000200005","volume":"20","author":"CN Monta\u00f1a","year":"2014","unstructured":"Monta\u00f1a C N, Labra W A, Schiappacasse F G (2014) Condiloma acuminado gigante (Tumor de Buschke L\u00f5wenstein): Serie de 7 casos cl\u00ednicos y revisi\u00f3n de la literatura. Rev chil radiol 20:57\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4067\/S0717-93082014000200005","journal-title":"Rev chil radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2018.11.001","volume":"42","author":"M Morton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morton M, Melnitchouk N, Bleday R (2018) Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Current Problems in Cancer 42:486\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.currproblcancer.2018.11.001","journal-title":"Current Problems in Cancer"},{"key":"5503_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1768486","volume":"06","author":"A Chandramohan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chandramohan A, Sathyakumar K, Augustine A, et al (2023) MRI Staging of Anorectal Malignancy\u2014A Reporting Dilemma: Is It Adenocarcinoma or Squamous Cell Carcinoma? Journal of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology 06:138\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0043-1768486","journal-title":"Journal of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology"},{"key":"5503_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W335","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.8027","volume":"199","author":"R Kochhar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kochhar R, Plumb AA, Carrington BM, Saunders M (2012) Imaging of Anal Carcinoma. American Journal of Roentgenology 199:W335\u2013W344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.11.8027","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"5503_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2013.09.008","volume":"42","author":"P Solan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Solan P, Davis B (2013) Anorectal Anatomy and Imaging Techniques. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 42:701\u2013712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gtc.2013.09.008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Clinics of North America"},{"key":"5503_CR62","volume-title":"AJCC cancer staging manual, Eighth edition, corrected at 3rd printing","author":"American Joint Committee on Cancer","year":"2017","unstructured":"American Joint Committee on Cancer (2017) AJCC cancer staging manual, Eighth edition, corrected at 3rd printing. AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer, Chicago, IL"},{"key":"5503_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.213.1.r99se3879","volume":"213","author":"SM Hussain","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hussain SM, Outwater EK, Siegelman ES (1999) Mucinous versus Nonmucinous Rectal Carcinomas: Differentiation with MR Imaging. Radiology 213:79\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.213.1.r99se3879","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"5503_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5159","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i21.5159","volume":"8","author":"X Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu X, Zhu T-S, Ye D-D, Liu S-W (2020) Magnetic resonance imaging findings of carcinoma arising from anal fistula: A retrospective study in a single institution. WJCC 8:5159\u20135171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i21.5159","journal-title":"WJCC"},{"key":"5503_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.0011","volume":"187","author":"Y Hama","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hama Y, Makita K, Yamana T, Dodanuki K (2006) Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Arising from Fistula in Ano: MRI Findings. American Journal of Roentgenology 187:517\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.05.0011","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"5503_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-005-1638-4","volume":"40","author":"H Matsuoka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Matsuoka H, Nakamura A, Iwamoto K, et al (2005) Anorectal malignant melanoma: preoperative usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging. J Gastroenterol 40:836\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00535-005-1638-4","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"5503_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-005-2647-7","volume":"15","author":"K Sandrasegaran","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sandrasegaran K, Rajesh A, Rushing DA, et al (2005) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: CT and MRI findings. Eur Radiol 15:1407\u20131414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-005-2647-7","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1102\/1470-7330.2012.0048","volume":"12","author":"MR Koch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koch MR, Jagannathan JP, Shinagare AB, et al (2012) Imaging features of primary anorectal gastrointestinal stromal tumors with clinical and pathologic correlation. Cancer Imaging 12:557\u2013565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1102\/1470-7330.2012.0048","journal-title":"Cancer Imaging"},{"key":"5503_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-004-1357-7","volume":"35","author":"K Koujok","year":"2005","unstructured":"Koujok K, Ruiz RE, Hernandez RJ (2005) Myofibromatosis: imaging characteristics. Pediatr Radiol 35:374\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00247-004-1357-7","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050395","volume":"28","author":"GF Eich","year":"1998","unstructured":"Eich GF, Hoeffel J-C, Tsch\u00e4ppeler H, et al (1998) Fibrous tumours in children: imaging features of a heterogeneous group of disorders. Pediatric Radiology 28:500\u2013509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002470050395","journal-title":"Pediatric Radiology"},{"key":"5503_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.3393\/ac.2020.10.13.1","volume":"37","author":"E Gonz\u00e1lez-D\u00edaz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-D\u00edaz E, Cengotitabengoa BG, Carbajo ABD, et al (2021) Imaging Diagnosis of Perianal Leiomyoma: A Case Report. Ann Coloproctol 37:S58\u2013S62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3393\/ac.2020.10.13.1","journal-title":"Ann Coloproctol"},{"key":"5503_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v11.i8.334","volume":"11","author":"MO Nassif","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nassif MO, Habib RA, Almarzouki LZ, Trabulsi NH (2019) Systematic review of anorectal leiomyosarcoma: Current challenges and recent advances. WJGs 11:334\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4240\/wjgs.v11.i8.334","journal-title":"WJGs"},{"key":"5503_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.11668","volume":"202","author":"VR Surabhi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Surabhi VR, Garg N, Frumovitz M, et al (2014) Aggressive Angiomyxomas: A Comprehensive Imaging Review With Clinical and Histopathologic Correlation. American Journal of Roentgenology 202:1171\u20131178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.13.11668","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"5503_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.210049","volume":"42","author":"G Figueiredo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Figueiredo G, O\u2019Shea A, Neville GM, Lee SI (2022) Rare Mesenchymal Tumors of the Pelvis: Imaging and Pathologic Correlation. RadioGraphics 42:143\u2013158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.210049","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"5503_CR75","volume-title":"Digestive system tumours","author":"Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9, Centre international de recherche sur le cancer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Organisation mondiale de la sant\u00e9, Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (2019) TNM staging of digestive system tumours. In: Digestive system tumours, 5th ed. International agency for research on cancer, Lyon","edition":"5"},{"key":"5503_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2016.06.012","volume":"9","author":"G Carbotta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carbotta G, Sallustio P, Prestera A, et al (2016) Perineal Paget\u2019s disease: A rare disorder and review of literature. Annals of Medicine & Surgery 9:50\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amsu.2016.06.012","journal-title":"Annals of Medicine & Surgery"},{"key":"5503_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-012-1540-0","volume":"42","author":"G Akaike","year":"2013","unstructured":"Akaike G, Nozaki T, Matsusako M, et al (2013) Magnetic resonance imaging for extramammary Paget\u2019s disease: radiological and pathological correlations. Skeletal Radiol 42:437\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-012-1540-0","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR78","first-page":"445","volume":"109","author":"D Spinu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Spinu D, R\u0103dulescu A, Bratu O, et al (2014) Giant condyloma acuminatum - Buschke-Lowenstein disease - a literature review. Chirurgia (Bucur) 109:445\u2013450","journal-title":"Chirurgia (Bucur)"},{"key":"5503_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.04.010","volume":"23","author":"RJF Felt-Bersma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Felt-Bersma RJF, Bartelsman JF (2009) Haemorrhoids, rectal prolapse, anal fissure, peri-anal fistulae and sexually transmitted diseases. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 23:575\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2009.04.010","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology"},{"key":"5503_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70173-4","volume":"30","author":"M Hulme-Moir","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hulme-Moir M, Bartolo DC (2001) Hemorrhoids. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 30:183\u2013197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0889-8553(05)70173-4","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Clinics of North America"},{"key":"5503_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2018170055","volume":"38","author":"LP Chami\u00e9","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chami\u00e9 LP, Ribeiro DMFR, Caiado AHM, et al (2018) Translabial US and Dynamic MR Imaging of the Pelvic Floor: Normal Anatomy and Dysfunction. RadioGraphics 38:287\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.2018170055","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"5503_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e220119","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.220119","volume":"43","author":"JW Revels","year":"2023","unstructured":"Revels JW, Mansoori B, Fadl S, et al (2023) MR Defecating Proctography with Emphasis on Posterior Compartment Disorders. RadioGraphics 43:e220119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.220119","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"5503_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02228-4","volume":"46","author":"Kanmaniraja D Arif-Tiwari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kanmaniraja D, Arif-Tiwari H, Palmer SL, et al (2021) MR defecography review. Abdom Radiol 46:1334\u20131350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-019-02228-4","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"5503_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.342125050","volume":"34","author":"GT Bitti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bitti GT, Argiolas GM, Ballicu N, et al (2014) Pelvic Floor Failure: MR Imaging Evaluation of Anatomic and Functional Abnormalities. RadioGraphics 34:429\u2013448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.342125050","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"5503_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.345140137","volume":"34","author":"L Del Garc\u00edaSalto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda Del Salto L, De Miguel Criado J, Aguilera Del Hoyo LF, et al (2014) MR Imaging\u2013based Assessment of the Female Pelvic Floor. RadioGraphics 34:1417\u20131439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.345140137","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"5503_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25998","volume":"47","author":"M Kobi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kobi M, Flusberg M, Paroder V, Chernyak V (2018) Practical guide to dynamic pelvic floor MRI. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 47:1155\u20131170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.25998","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"key":"5503_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26776","volume":"50","author":"DB Erlichman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Erlichman DB, Kanmaniraja D, Kobi M, Chernyak V (2019) MRI anatomy and pathology of the anal canal. Magnetic Resonance Imaging 50:1018\u20131032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmri.26776","journal-title":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging"},{"key":"5503_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.05.0386","volume":"187","author":"MP Terra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Terra MP, Beets-Tan RGH, Van Der Hulst VPM, et al (2006) MRI in Evaluating Atrophy of the External Anal Sphincter in Patients with Fecal Incontinence. American Journal of Roentgenology 187:991\u2013999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.05.0386","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"},{"key":"5503_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.04.1619","volume":"186","author":"J-HJ Hensen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hensen J-HJ, Van Breda Vriesman AC, Puylaert JBCM (2006) Abdominal Wall Endometriosis: Clinical Presentation and Imaging Features with Emphasis on Sonography. American Journal of Roentgenology 186:616\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2214\/AJR.04.1619","journal-title":"American Journal of Roentgenology"}],"container-title":["Abdominal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05503-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05503-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05503-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:13:23Z","timestamp":1789452803000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05503-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05503-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-0058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2366-0058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 March 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 April 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}