{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:58:47Z","timestamp":1785466727789,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Abdom Radiol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-026-05715-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:23:50Z","timestamp":1785417830000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-class radiomic differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma on multiphasic contrast-enhanced CT"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7140-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi\u011fit Hasan","family":"Ar\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"5715_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.08.021","volume":"77","author":"H Rumgay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rumgay H, Arnold M, Ferlay J, Lesi O, Cabasag CJ, Vignat J et al (2022) Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040. J Hepatol 77:1598\u20131606","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"5715_CR2","first-page":"209","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F (2021) Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71:209\u2013249","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"5715_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2015-0446","volume":"21","author":"SK Saha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Saha SK, Zhu AX, Fuchs CS, Brooks GA (2016) Forty-year trends in cholangiocarcinoma incidence in the US: intrahepatic disease on the rise. Oncologist 21:594\u2013599","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"5715_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2666","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32803","volume":"126","author":"AA Florio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Florio AA, Ferlay J, Znaor A, Ruggieri D, Alvarez CS, Laversanne M et al (2020) Global trends in intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma incidence from 1993 to 2012. Cancer 126:2666\u20132678","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"5715_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29789","volume":"68","author":"E Brunt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brunt E, Aishima S, Clavien PA, Fowler K, Goodman Z, Gores G et al (2018) cHCC-CCA: Consensus terminology for primary liver carcinomas with both hepatocytic and cholangiocytic differentiation. Hepatology 68:113\u2013126","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"5715_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-024-04476-5","volume":"50","author":"NF Majeed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Majeed NF, Macey M, Amirfarzan MB, Sharifi S, Wortman JR (2025) MRI features of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma. Abdom Radiol 50:169\u2013184","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol"},{"key":"5715_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moura Cunha G, Chernyak V, Fowler KJ, Sirlin CB (2021) Up-to-date role of CT\/MRI LI-RADS in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 513\u2013527","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S268288"},{"key":"5715_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14424","volume":"40","author":"S Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee S, Kim SS, Roh YH, Choi JY, Park MS, Kim MJ (2020) Diagnostic performance of CT\/MRI liver imaging reporting and data system v2017 for hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Int 40:1488\u20131497","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"5715_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.15.14997","volume":"207","author":"TA Potretzke","year":"2016","unstructured":"Potretzke TA, Tan BR, Doyle MB, Brunt EM, Heiken JP, Fowler KJ (2016) Imaging features of biphenotypic primary liver carcinoma (hepatocholangiocarcinoma) and the potential to mimic hepatocellular carcinoma: LI-RADS analysis of CT and MRI features in 61 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol 207:25\u201331","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"5715_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5605-x","volume":"29","author":"SK Jeon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeon SK, Joo I, Lee DH, Lee SM, Kang HJ, Lee KB, Lee JM (2019) Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma: LI-RADS v2017 categorisation for differential diagnosis and prognostication on gadoxetic acid-enhanced MR imaging. Eur Radiol 29:373\u2013382","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"5715_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.25287","volume":"44","author":"I Joo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Joo I, Lee JM, Lee SM, Lee JS, Park JY, Han JK (2016) Diagnostic accuracy of liver imaging reporting and data system (LI-RADS) v2014 for intrahepatic mass\u2010forming cholangiocarcinomas in patients with chronic liver disease on gadoxetic acid\u2010enhanced MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 44:1330\u20131338","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"5715_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.149062","volume":"57","author":"MA Silva","year":"2008","unstructured":"Silva MA, Hegab B, Hyde C, Guo B, Buckels JA, Mirza DF (2008) Needle track seeding following biopsy of liver lesions in the diagnosis of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 57:1592\u20131596","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"5715_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-025-05125-2","volume":"12","author":"J Luo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Luo J, Wan X, Du J, Liu L, Zhao L, Peng X et al (2025) Comprehensive multi-phase 3D contrast-enhanced CT imaging for primary liver cancer. Sci Data 12:768","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"5715_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2011.11.036","volume":"48","author":"P Lambin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lambin P, Rios-Velazquez E, Leijenaar R, Carvalho S, Van Stiphout RG, Granton P et al (2012) Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis. Eur J Cancer 48:441\u2013446","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"5715_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4006","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5006","volume":"5","author":"HJ Aerts","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aerts HJ, Velazquez ER, Leijenaar RT, Parmar C, Grossmann P, Carvalho S et al (2014) Decoding tumour phenotype by noninvasive imaging using a quantitative radiomics approach. Nat Commun 5:4006","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"5715_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-021-00560-7","volume":"19","author":"K Bera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bera K, Braman N, Gupta A, Velcheti V, Madabhushi A (2022) Predicting cancer outcomes with radiomics and artificial intelligence in radiology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 19:132\u2013146","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"5715_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu X, Mao Y, Tang Y, Liu Y, Xue C, Yue Q et al (2022) Classification of hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma based on radiomic analysis. Comput Math Methods Med 2022:5334095","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5334095"},{"key":"5715_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2020.01.126","volume":"8","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J, Huang Z, Cao L, Zhang Z, Wei Y, Zhang X, Song B (2020) Differentiation combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma based on radiomics machine learning. Ann Transl Med 8:119","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"5715_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-022-09743-6","volume":"22","author":"N Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li N, Wan X, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Guo Y, Hong D (2022) Tumor and peritumor radiomics analysis based on contrast-enhanced CT for predicting early and late recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection. BMC Cancer 22:664","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"5715_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-021-01115-1","volume":"12","author":"A Demircio\u011flu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Demircio\u011flu A (2021) Measuring the bias of incorrect application of feature selection when using cross-validation in radiomics. Insights Imaging 12:172","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"5715_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-91","volume":"7","author":"S Varma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Varma S, Simon R (2006) Bias in error estimation when using cross-validation for model selection. BMC Bioinformatics 7:91","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"5715_CR22","unstructured":"Lundberg SM, Lee SI (2017) A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 30"},{"key":"5715_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0138-9","volume":"2","author":"SM Lundberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lundberg SM, Erion G, Chen H, DeGrave A, Prutkin JM, Nair B et al (2020) From local explanations to global understanding with explainable AI for trees. Nat Mach Intell 2:56\u201367","journal-title":"Nat Mach Intell"},{"key":"5715_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2013.00045","volume":"7","author":"BC Lowekamp","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lowekamp BC, Chen DT, Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez L, Blezek D (2013) The design of SimpleITK. Front Neuroinform 7:45","journal-title":"Front Neuroinform"},{"key":"5715_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol 57:289\u2013300","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Series B Stat Methodol"},{"key":"5715_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e220232","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.220232","volume":"5","author":"TJ Bradshaw","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bradshaw TJ, Huemann Z, Hu J, Rahmim A (2023) A guide to cross-validation for artificial intelligence in medical imaging. Radiol Artif Intell 5:e220232","journal-title":"Radiol Artif Intell"},{"key":"5715_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen T, Guestrin C (2016) XGBoost: A scalable tree boosting system. In: Proceedings of the 22nd acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, pp 785\u2013794","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939785"},{"key":"5715_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojala M, Garriga GC (2010) Permutation tests for studying classifier performance. J Mach Learn Res 11","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2009.108"},{"key":"5715_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Article39","DOI":"10.2202\/1544-6115.1585","volume":"9","author":"B Phipson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Phipson B, Smyth GK (2010) Permutation P-values should never be zero: calculating exact P-values when permutations are randomly drawn. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol 9:Article39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2202\/1544-6115.1585","journal-title":"Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol"},{"key":"5715_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5373","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15225373","volume":"15","author":"N Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu N, Wu Y, Tao Y, Zheng J, Huang X, Yang L, Zhang X (2023) Differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma through MRI radiomics. Cancers 15:5373","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"5715_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640618815378","volume":"7","author":"E Sagrini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sagrini E, Iavarone M, Stefanini F, Tovoli F, Vavassori S, Maggioni M et al (2019) Imaging of combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma in cirrhosis and risk of false diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. United European Gastroenterol J 7:69\u201377","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"5715_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0310-z","volume":"17","author":"JM Banales","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banales JM, Marin JJ, Lamarca A, Rodrigues PM, Khan SA, Roberts LR et al (2020) Cholangiocarcinoma 2020: the next horizon in mechanisms and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:557\u2013588","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"5715_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5205","DOI":"10.3390\/s22145205","volume":"22","author":"C Severn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Severn C, Suresh K, G\u00f6rg C, Choi YS, Jain R, Ghosh D (2022) A pipeline for the implementation and visualization of explainable machine learning for medical imaging using radiomics features. Sensors 22:5205","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"5715_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-023-01575-7","volume":"15","author":"A Demircio\u011flu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Demircio\u011flu A (2024) The effect of feature normalization methods in radiomics. Insights Imaging 15:2","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"5715_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.11.020","volume":"156","author":"CB van der Pol","year":"2019","unstructured":"van der Pol CB, Lim CS, Sirlin CB, McGrath TA, Salameh JP, Bashir MR et al (2019) Accuracy of the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System in Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Image Analysis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma or Overall Malignancy-A Systematic Review. Gastroenterology 156:976\u2013986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.11.020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Abdominal Radiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05715-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05715-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05715-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:03:50Z","timestamp":1785463430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05715-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["5715"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00261-026-05715-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2366-0058"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2366-0058","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}