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Chemotherapy is the standard of care for intensive induction therapy. Patients who achieve a complete remission require post-remission therapies to prevent relapse. There is no standard of care for patients with minimal residual disease (MRD), and stem cell transplantation is a salvage therapy. Considering the AML genetic heterogeneity and the leukemia immune-suppressive properties, novel cellular immune therapies to effectively harness immunological responses to prevent relapse are needed. We developed a novel modality of immune therapy consisting of monocytes reprogrammed with lentiviral vectors expressing GM-CSF, IFN-\u03b1 and antigens. Preclinical studies in humanized mice showed that the reprogrammed monocytes self-differentiated into highly viable induced dendritic cells (iDCs) in vivo which migrated effectively to lymph nodes, producing remarkable effects in the de novo regeneration of T and B cell responses. For the first-in-man clinical trial, the patient\u2019s monocytes will be transduced with an integrase-defective tricistronic lentiviral vector expressing GM-CSF, IFN-\u03b1 and a truncated WT1 antigen. For transplanted patients, pre-clinical development of iDCs co-expressing cytomegalovirus antigens is ongoing. To simplify the product chain for a de-centralized supply model, we are currently exploring a closed automated system for a short two-day manufacturing of iDCs. A phase I clinical trial study is in preparation for immune therapy of AML patients with MRD. The proposed cell therapy can fill an important gap in the current and foreseeable future immunotherapies of AML.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-019-02406-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T15:26:01Z","timestamp":1571412361000},"page":"1891-1899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Monocytes reprogrammed with lentiviral vectors co-expressing GM-CSF, IFN-\u03b12 and antigens for personalized immune therapy of acute leukemia pre- or post-stem cell transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2150-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia K.","family":"Bialek-Waldmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5318-9044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Heuser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold","family":"Ganser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7756-8460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"Stripecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2406_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-733196","volume":"129","author":"H Dohner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dohner H, Estey E, Grimwade D et al (2017) Diagnosis and management of AML in adults: 2017 ELN recommendations from an international expert panel. 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