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We find that combination therapy with localized ZD55-IL-24 and systemic PD-1 blockade leads to synergistic inhibition of both local and distant established tumors in B16-bearing immunocompetent mouse model. Our further mechanism investigation reveals that synergistic therapeutic effect is associated with marked promotion of tumor immune infiltration and recognition in both local and distant tumors as well as spleens. PD-1 blockade has no obvious effect on promotion of tumor immune infiltration and recognition. Localized therapy with ZD55-IL-24, however, can help PD-1 blockade to overcome the limitation of relatively low tumor immune infiltration and recognition. This study provides a rationale for investigation of such combination therapy in the clinic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-02946-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T12:31:08Z","timestamp":1619440268000},"page":"3541-3555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Enhanced anti-melanoma efficacy through a combination of the armed oncolytic adenovirus ZD55-IL-24 and immune checkpoint blockade in B16-bearing immunocompetent mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Hai-Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Lang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huai-Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Fa","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan-Ying","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Qing","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai-Min","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0250-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin-Yuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2946_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.18752","volume":"7","author":"L Zhu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhu L, Kalimuthu S, Gangadaran P, Oh JM, Lee HW, Baek SH, Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee J, Ahn BC (2017) Exosomes derived from natural killer cells exert therapeutic effect in melanoma. 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The other authors declare no competing financial interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}