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This post hoc, indirect treatment comparison (ITC) used pooled data from the phase 3 EORTC 18,071 (ipilimumab vs. placebo) and CheckMate 238 (nivolumab vs. ipilimumab) trials to assess RFS and OS with nivolumab versus placebo and the numbers needed to treat (NNT) over 4\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients with resected stage IIIB-C cutaneous melanoma (American Joint Committee on Cancer seventh edition) were included. Inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to balance baseline characteristics. RFS NNTs were calculated for nivolumab versus ipilimumab and placebo. OS NNTs were calculated for nivolumab versus placebo. To adjust for different post-recurrence treatments, the difference in post-recurrence survival between the two ipilimumab arms was added to OS of the placebo arm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This ITC included 278, 643, and 365 patients treated with nivolumab, ipilimumab, and placebo, respectively. Following IPTW, nivolumab was associated with improved RFS versus placebo (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39\u20130.61) and ipilimumab (HR: 0.69; 95% CI 0.56\u20130.85). RFS NNT was 4.2 for nivolumab versus placebo and 8.9 for nivolumab versus ipilimumab. After post-recurrence survival adjustment, weighted 4-year OS rates were 75.8% for nivolumab and 64.1% for placebo; OS NNT for nivolumab versus placebo was 8.5.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In patients with resected stage IIIB-C cutaneous melanoma in this ITC, nivolumab improved RFS versus placebo and ipilimumab, and OS versus placebo after post-recurrence survival adjustment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-022-03302-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T12:05:43Z","timestamp":1664971543000},"page":"945-954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Nivolumab versus placebo as adjuvant therapy for resected stage III melanoma: a propensity weighted indirect treatment comparison and number needed to treat analysis for recurrence-free survival and overall survival"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"72","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4962-2957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tayla","family":"Poretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Stwalley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leon A.","family":"Sakkal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ella X.","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Travis","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3088-7453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keith A.","family":"Betts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8065-4412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Shoushtari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"3302_CR1","unstructured":"Cancer.Net (2021) Melanoma: statistics. 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TP reports being an employee of BMS with stock ownership in BMS. BDS reports being an employee of BMS with stock ownership in AbbVie, BMS, and Gilead Sciences Inc. LAS reports being an employee of BMS with stock ownership in BMS. EXD reports being an employee of the Analysis Group, Inc., which received consultancy fees from BMS for conducting the research analysis for the work under consideration. TW reports being an employee of the Analysis Group, Inc., which received consultancy fees from BMS for conducting the research analysis for the work under consideration. YC reports being an employee of the Analysis Group, Inc., which received consultancy fees from BMS for conducting the research analysis for the work under consideration. YW reports being an employee of the Analysis Group, Inc., which received consultancy fees from BMS for conducting the research analysis for the work under consideration. KAB reports being an employee of the Analysis Group, Inc., which received consultancy fees from BMS for conducting the research analysis for the work under consideration. ANS reports receiving advisory or personal fees from BMS, Immunocore, and Novartis; receiving research funding to his institution from BMS, Checkmate Pharmaceuticals, Foghorn Therapeutics, Immunocore, Novartis, Pfizer, Polaris, Targovax, and Xcovery.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All study participants provided informed consent and both trials were approved by their respective Institutional Review Boards and were conducted under the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}