{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T21:09:28Z","timestamp":1791925768615,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693180800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Immunol Immunother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Evidence for use of second-line immunosuppressants for immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is inadequate. Therefore, a multicenter analysis should assess the efficacy of second-line immunosuppressants for severe irAEs associated with different malignant diseases.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This descriptive study aims to investigate the effects of second-line immunosuppressants on corticosteroid-refractory irAEs in patients with lung cancer. We analyzed the effects of second-line immunosuppressants on underlying lung cancer and associated adverse effects.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study included 4589 patients who had received immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment, with 73 patients (1.6%) developing irAEs requiring second-line immunosuppressants. The most commonly observed irAE was pneumonitis (26 patients), followed by hepatobiliary disorders (15 patients) and enteritis (14 patients). We found a confirmed response rate of 42.3% for pneumonitis, which was lower than the response rates of 86.7% for hepatobiliary disorders and 92.9% for enteritis. The time from the start of corticosteroid therapy to the addition of a second-line immunosuppressant correlated significantly with the resolution of irAE to Grade 1 (correlation coefficients of r\u2009=\u20090.701, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.005). The median progression-free survival and duration of response of underlying lung cancer from second-line immunosuppressant administration were 2.1 and 3.0\u00a0months, respectively. Of the patients with irAE, 27.4% developed infections and 5.5% might die due to infection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Second-line immunosuppressant response was confirmed in 72.2% of irAEs in patients with lung cancer, with lower response rates observed in irAE pneumonitis compared to other irAEs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-023-03528-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T10:03:23Z","timestamp":1693217003000},"page":"3765-3772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Second-line immunosuppressant administration for steroid-refractory immune-related adverse events in patients with lung cancer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Ogusu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhei","family":"Harutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takehiro","family":"Tozuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junji","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Sonoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Tsuchiya-Kawano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Oba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Gyotoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Nakatomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Ariyasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"3528_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1507643","volume":"373","author":"H Borghaei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Borghaei H, Paz-Ares L, Horn L et al (2015) Nivolumab versus docetaxel in advanced nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer. 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Tozuka reports honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Astra Zeneca, outside the submitted work, Y Tsuchiya-Kawano reports honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squib, Astra Zeneca, Ono Pharmaceutical, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Taiho Pharmaceutical, outside the submitted work, R. Ariyasu reports honoraria from Chugai Pharmaceuticals, Bristol Myers Squib, Astra Zeneca, outside the submitted work. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Informed consent was waived because of the retrospective nature of the study, with an opt-out option included.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate and publish"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and those for medical and health research involving human participants. This study was approved by the institutional review board of the Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research (IRB No. 2022-GB-065).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}