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However, the variations in granzyme B+\u2009B cells between tumor and non-tumor tissues have been largely unexplored. Therefore, we integrated 25 samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and analyzed the tumor immune microenvironment. The findings uncovered significant inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Notably, single-cell data showed higher proportions of granzyme B+\u2009B cells in tumor samples compared to control samples, and these levels were positively associated with disease-free survival. The elevated levels of granzyme B+\u2009B cells in tumor samples resulted from tumor cell chemotaxis through the MIF- (CD74\u2009+\u2009CXCR4) signaling pathway. Furthermore, the anti-tumor function of granzyme B+\u2009B cells in tumor samples was adversely affected, potentially providing an explanation for tumor progression. These findings regarding granzyme B+\u2009B cells were further validated in an independent clinic cohort of 40 liver transplant recipients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Our study unveils an interaction between granzyme B+\u2009B cells and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, opening up potential avenues for the development of novel therapeutic strategies against this disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-023-03609-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T15:02:58Z","timestamp":1708614178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Granzyme B+\u2009B cells detected by single-cell sequencing are associated with prognosis in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma following liver transplantation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Ji-Qiao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian-Liang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Dong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"3609_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-03-014001","volume":"108","author":"B Jahrsdorfer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jahrsdorfer B, Blackwell SE, Wooldridge JE, Huang J, Andreski MW, Jacobus LS et al (2006) B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and other B cells can produce granzyme B and gain cytotoxic potential after interleukin-21-based activation. 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