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In addition, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) frequently induce hypothyroidism. The aim of this prospective study is to examine the incidence and clinical characteristics of thyroid dysfunction induced by combination therapy of a PD-(L)1-Ab and TKI [PD-(L)1-Ab\/TKI].<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 757 patients treated with PD-(L)1-Ab or PD-(L)1-Ab\/TKI were evaluated for anti-thyroid antibodies (ATAs) at baseline and for thyroid function for 48\u00a0weeks after treatment initiation and then observed until the last visit.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The cumulative incidences of destructive thyroiditis [4\/23 (17.4%) vs. 45\/734 (6.1%) patients, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001], isolated hypothyroidism [10\/23 (43.5%) vs. 29\/734 (4.0%) patients, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001], and all thyroid dysfunction [14\/23 (60.9%) vs. 74\/734 (10.1%) patients, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001] were significantly higher in the PD-(L)1-Ab\/TKI group than PD-(L)1-Ab group, respectively. All patients positive for ATAs at baseline developed thyroid dysfunction after PD-(L)1-Ab\/TKI treatment, a significantly higher incidence than that in those negative for ATAs at baseline [4\/4 (100%) vs. 10\/19 (52.6%) patients, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.026].<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The addition of TKIs increased the risk of thyroid dysfunction induced by PD-(L)1-Ab, with the risk being higher in patients positive for baseline ATAs.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-024-03733-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T13:10:44Z","timestamp":1717506644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Combined use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors with PD-(L)1 blockade increased the risk of thyroid dysfunction in 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Ltd., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and MSD K.K. outside of this study. T.H. received personal fees from AstraZeneca K.K., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Ltd., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., MSD K.K., Merck Biopharma Co. Ltd., Pfizer Inc., and Eli Lilly Japan K.K., and grants from Novartis Pharma K.K., AstraZeneca K.K., BeiGene Inc., AbbVie Inc., Amgen Co. Ltd., and Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., outside of this study. S.M. received grants from MSD K.K., Bristol\u0393\u00c7\u00f4Myers Squibb and Takara Bio Inc. outside of this study. S.A. received lecture fees from Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. outside of this study. Y.A. received personal fees from Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and MSD K.K. outside of this study. M.Aki. received lecture fees from Sanofi K.K., lecture fees and grant donations from Maruho Co., Ltd., clinical research funding from Novartis Pharma K.K. and Boehringer Ingelheim outside of this study. M.I. received research funding from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd, and lecture fees from Shionogi & Co., Ltd. and AstraZeneca K.K. outside of this study. H.A. received grants from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., and Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and personal fees from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Bristol\u0393\u00c7\u00f4Myers Squibb and MSD K.K. outside of this study. The remaining authors have nothing to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"146"}}