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In-depth information on the immunological make up of VSCC is pivotal to assess whether immunotherapy may form an alternative treatment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 104 patient samples, comprising healthy vulva (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200927) and VSCC (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200977), were analyzed. Multispectral immunofluorescence (15 markers) was used to study both the myeloid and lymphoid immune cell composition, and this was linked to differences in transcriptomics (NanoString nCounter, 1258 genes) and in survival (Kaplan\u2013Meier analyses).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Healthy vulva and VSCC are both well infiltrated but with different subpopulations of lymphoid and myeloid cells. In contrast to the lymphoid cell infiltrate, the density and composition of the myeloid cell infiltrate strongly differed per VSCC molecular subtype. A relative strong infiltration with epithelial monocytes (HLADR<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD11c<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD14<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD68<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD163<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>CD33<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) was prognostic for improved survival, independent of T cell infiltration, disease stage or molecular subtype. A strong infiltration with T cells and\/or monocytes was associated with drastic superior survival: 5-year survival\u2009&gt;\u200990% when either one is high, versus 40% when both are low (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A hot myeloid and\/or lymphoid infiltrate predicts excellent survival in VSCC. Based on the response of similarly high-infiltrated other tumor types, we have started to explore the potential of neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade in VSCC.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-024-03755-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T13:02:19Z","timestamp":1719925339000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Monocyte infiltration is an independent positive prognostic biomarker in vulvar squamous cell carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Ziena","family":"Abdulrahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim E.","family":"Kortekaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marij J. 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