{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:20:12Z","timestamp":1791231612333,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754438400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Joint Funds for Scientific and Technological Innovation Project","award":["HXXT2021ktyj002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HXXT2021ktyj002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021J011345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021J011345"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Beijing Medical Awards Foundation","award":["YXJL-2022-0435-0400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YXJL-2022-0435-0400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Immunol Immunother"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-025-04136-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T14:49:12Z","timestamp":1756219752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparing neoadjuvant targeted therapy plus transarterial chemoembolization versus triple therapy including immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: a Chinese multicentre study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quan","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongjie","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingpeng","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuxing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingrui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaifa","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taozhu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weixiang","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenhao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuncheng","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhi","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuangjia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10127","key":"4136_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30010-2","volume":"391","author":"A Forner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forner A, Reig M, Bruix J (2018) Hepatocellular carcinoma. Lancet (London, England) 391(10127):1301\u20131314","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"4136_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.06.017","volume":"122","author":"T Yue","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yue T, Zhang Q, Cai T, Xu M, Zhu H, Pourkarim MR, De Clercq E, Li G (2022) Trends in the disease burden of HBV and HCV infection in China from 1990\u20132019. Int J Infect Dis 122:476\u2013485","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"15","key":"4136_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003060","volume":"137","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Lu J (2024) Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. Chin Med J 137(15):1765\u20131776","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"issue":"4","key":"4136_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000003358","volume":"273","author":"T Yoh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoh T, Seo S, Taura K, Iguchi K, Ogiso S, Fukumitsu K, Ishii T, Kaido T, Uemoto S (2021) Surgery for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma: achieving long-term survival. Ann Surg 273(4):792\u2013799","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"4136_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2009.06.001","volume":"7","author":"MI Ahmed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahmed MI, Lennard TW (2009) Breast cancer: role of neoadjuvant therapy. Int J Surg (London, England) 7(5):416\u2013420","journal-title":"Int J Surg (London, England)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4136_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld-4729","volume":"32","author":"D Pan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pan D, Liu H, Ma X, Qu P, Cao M, Qin X, Tang J, Pan R, Huang Q, Han Z (2023) Safety and efficacy of TACE + Lenvatinib in treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and meta- analysis. J Gastrointest Liver Dis: JGLD 32(2):222\u2013229","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Liver Dis: JGLD"},{"issue":"5","key":"4136_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1159\/000530495","volume":"12","author":"J Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou J, Sun H, Wang Z, Cong W, Zeng M, Zhou W, Bie P, Liu L, Wen T, Kuang M et al (2023) Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer (2022 edition). Liver Cancer 12(5):405\u2013444","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"4136_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-024-00868-0","volume":"21","author":"JM Llovet","year":"2024","unstructured":"Llovet JM, Pinyol R, Yarchoan M, Singal AG, Marron TU, Schwartz M, Pikarsky E, Kudo M, Finn RS (2024) Adjuvant and neoadjuvant immunotherapies in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 21(4):294\u2013311","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4136_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2022.100591","volume":"7","author":"M Rimini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rimini M, Rimassa L, Ueshima K, Burgio V, Shigeo S, Tada T, Suda G, Yoo C, Cheon J, Pinato DJ et al (2022) Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus lenvatinib or sorafenib in non-viral unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: an international propensity score matching analysis. ESMO Open 7(6):100591","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"4136_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.02.006","volume":"36","author":"A Vogel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vogel A, Chan SL, Dawson LA, Kelley RK, Llovet JM, Meyer T, Ricke J, Rimassa L, Sapisochin G, Vilgrain V et al (2025) Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol: Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol 36(5):491\u2013506","journal-title":"Ann Oncol: Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4136_CR11","first-page":"1035","volume":"61","author":"Alliance of Chinese Expert Consensus on Neoadjuvant Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Committee of Digestive Surgery of Chinese Research Hospital Association, Committee of Liver Cancer, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alliance of Chinese Expert Consensus on Neoadjuvant Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Committee of Digestive Surgery of Chinese Research Hospital Association, Committee of Liver Cancer, Chinese Anti-Cancer Association (2023) Chinese expert consensus on neoadjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (2023 edition). Zhonghua wai ke za zhi [Chin J Surg] 61(12):1035\u20131045","journal-title":"Zhonghua wai ke za zhi [Chin J Surg]"},{"issue":"2","key":"4136_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.09.026","volume":"72","author":"JM Llovet","year":"2020","unstructured":"Llovet JM, Lencioni R (2020) Mrecist for HCC: performance and novel refinements. J Hepatol 72(2):288\u2013306","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4136_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00385-X","volume":"7","author":"TU Marron","year":"2022","unstructured":"Marron TU, Fiel MI, Hamon P, Fiaschi N, Kim E, Ward SC, Zhao Z, Kim J, Kennedy P, Gunasekaran G et al (2022) Neoadjuvant cemiplimab for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 7(3):219\u2013229","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4136_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2022.0402","volume":"29","author":"D Xie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xie D, Shi J, Zhou J, Fan J, Gao Q (2023) Clinical practice guidelines and real-life practice in hepatocellular carcinoma: a Chinese perspective. Clin Mol Hepatol 29(2):206\u2013216","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4136_CR15","first-page":"223","volume":"14","author":"X Bi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bi X, Zhao H, Zhao H, Li G, Wang X, Chen B, Zhang W, Che X, Huang Z, Han Y et al (2025) Consensus of Chinese experts on neoadjuvant and conversion therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: 2023 update. Liver Cancer 14(2):223\u2013238","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"4136_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27406","volume":"60","author":"FS Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang FS, Fan JG, Zhang Z, Gao B, Wang HY (2014) The global burden of liver disease: the major impact of China. Hepatology (Baltimore, MD) 60(6):2099\u20132108","journal-title":"Hepatology (Baltimore, MD)"},{"issue":"5","key":"4136_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33313","volume":"148","author":"JF Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi JF, Cao M, Wang Y, Bai FZ, Lei L, Peng J, Feletto E, Canfell K, Qu C, Chen W (2021) Is it possible to halve the incidence of liver cancer in China by 2050? Int J Cancer 148(5):1051\u20131065","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"4136_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2010.11.002","volume":"21","author":"JG Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen JG, Zhang SW (2011) Liver cancer epidemic in China: past, present and future. Semin Cancer Biol 21(1):59\u201369","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4136_CR19","first-page":"6","volume":"59","author":"YX Xia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xia YX, Zhang F, Li XC, Kong LB, Zhang H, Li DH, Cheng F, Pu LY, Zhang CY, Qian XF et al (2021) Surgical treatment of primary liver cancer:a report of 10 966 cases. Zhonghua wai ke za zhi [Chin J Surg] 59(1):6\u201317","journal-title":"Zhonghua wai ke za zhi [Chin J Surg]"},{"key":"4136_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S514881","volume":"12","author":"QF Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen QF, Chen S, Zhao M (2025) The synergistic mechanisms and prospects of transarterial chemoembolization combined with immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 12:841\u2013854","journal-title":"J Hepatocell Carcinoma"},{"issue":"5","key":"4136_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2018.29","volume":"15","author":"D Fukumura","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fukumura D, Kloepper J, Amoozgar Z, Duda DG, Jain RK (2018) Enhancing cancer immunotherapy using antiangiogenics: opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 15(5):325\u2013340","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4136_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133308","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1133308","volume":"14","author":"C Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen C, Wang Z, Ding Y, Qin Y (2023) Tumor microenvironment-mediated immune evasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 14:1133308","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4136_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01235-0","volume":"8","author":"HD Zhu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhu HD, Li HL, Huang MS, Yang WZ, Yin GW, Zhong BY, Sun JH, Jin ZC, Chen JJ, Ge NJ et al (2023) Transarterial chemoembolization with PD-(L)1 inhibitors plus molecular targeted therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (CHANCE001). Signal Transduct Target Ther 8(1):58","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"10474","key":"4136_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02575-3","volume":"405","author":"M Kudo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kudo M, Ren Z, Guo Y, Han G, Lin H, Zheng J, Ogasawara S, Kim JH, Zhao H, Li C et al (2025) Transarterial chemoembolisation combined with lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus dual placebo for unresectable, non-metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (LEAP-012): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study. Lancet (London, England) 405(10474):203\u2013215","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"10474","key":"4136_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02551-0","volume":"405","author":"B Sangro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sangro B, Kudo M, Erinjeri JP, Qin S, Ren Z, Chan SL, Arai Y, Heo J, Mai A, Escobar J et al (2025) Durvalumab with or without bevacizumab with transarterial chemoembolisation in hepatocellular carcinoma (EMERALD-1): a multiregional, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study. Lancet (London, England) 405(10474):216\u2013232","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4136_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2024.101578","volume":"30","author":"X Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang X, Wang P, Su K, Li H, Chi H, Wang F, Liu Y, Xu K (2024) Camrelizumab combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and sorafenib or lenvatinib for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter, retrospective study. Ann Hepatol 30(2):101578","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4136_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/ags3.12872","volume":"9","author":"Y Nishi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nishi Y, Sakamoto K, Uraoka M, Nagaoka T, Honjo M, Tamura K, Funamizu N, Ogawa K, Takada Y, Umeda Y (2025) Liver resection in patients with a history of local ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma has the risk of poor survival and serosal invasion. Ann Gastroenterol Surg 9(2):347\u2013358","journal-title":"Ann Gastroenterol Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4136_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2018.4334","volume":"154","author":"XF Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu XF, Xing H, Han J, Li ZL, Lau WY, Zhou YH, Gu WM, Wang H, Chen TH, Zeng YY et al (2019) Risk factors, patterns, and outcomes of late recurrence after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter study from China. JAMA Surg 154(3):209\u2013217","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"4136_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(24)00457-1","volume":"25","author":"A D\u2019Alessio","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Alessio A, Stefanini B, Blanter J, Adegbite B, Crowley F, Yip V, Slater S, Fulgenzi CAM, Celsa C, Manfredi GF et al (2024) Pathological response following neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a cross-trial, patient-level analysis. Lancet Oncol 25(11):1465\u20131475","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4136_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00524-7","volume":"25","author":"Y Fujiwara","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fujiwara Y, Horita N, Adib E, Zhou S, Nassar AH, Asad ZUA, Cortellini A, Naqash AR (2024) Treatment-related adverse events, including fatal toxicities, in patients with solid tumours receiving neoadjuvant and adjuvant immune checkpoint blockade: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Oncol 25(1):62\u201375","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"4136_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.755920","volume":"11","author":"R Liao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liao R, Wei XF, Che P, Yin KL, Liu L (2021) Nomograms incorporating the CNLC staging system predict the outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection. Front Oncol 11:755920","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4136_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2024.03.028","volume":"176","author":"YK Diao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Diao YK, Sun L, Wang MD, Han J, Zeng YY, Yao LQ, Sun XD, Li C, Shao GZ, Gu LH et al (2024) Development and validation of nomograms to predict survival and recurrence after hepatectomy for intermediate\/advanced (BCLC stage B\/C) hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgery 176(1):137\u2013147","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"4136_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.105012","volume":"141","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Chai H, Wang Y, Pan Z, Yang Y (2022) Cancer survival prognosis with deep Bayesian perturbation Cox network. Comput Biol Med 141:105012","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"}],"container-title":["Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04136-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04136-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04136-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]],"date-time":"2025-09-24T16:03:49Z","timestamp":1758729829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04136-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04136-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.Ethical approval and informed consent.This research was approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Boards of all participating centres: Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital (KY2024-28), The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University ([2024]133), Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University (2025-K150), and the 900th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force (2024\u2013040). Given that the study was retrospective in nature, the requirement for informed consent was waived.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"283"}}