{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:45:57Z","timestamp":1790952357893,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Immunol Immunother"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-025-04222-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T12:07:58Z","timestamp":1762430878000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["CAR-T cells immunotherapy in the treatment of glioblastoma"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kr\u00f3likowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Tarnowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"4222_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15051414","volume":"15","author":"AS Luksik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Luksik AS, Yazigi E, Shah P, Jackson CM (2023) CAR T cell therapy in glioblastoma: overcoming challenges related to antigen expression. Cancers (Basel) 15(5):1414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15051414","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"4222_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2147\/CPAA.S497903","volume":"17","author":"Z Sarfraz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sarfraz Z, Maharaj A, Venur VA et al (2025) Immunotherapy in glioblastoma: an overview of current status. Clin Pharmacol 17:185\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CPAA.S497903","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4222_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17050817","volume":"17","author":"N Vallieri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vallieri N, Datsi A (2025) Immune cell interplay in the fight against GBM. Cancers (Basel) 17(5):817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17050817","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"4222_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.15586\/codon.glioblastoma.2017.ch11","volume-title":"glioblastoma","author":"C Fernandes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fernandes C, Costa A, Os\u00f3rio L et al (2017) Current standards of care in glioblastoma therapy. In: De Vleeschouwer S (ed) glioblastoma. Codon Publications, Singapore, pp 197\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15586\/codon.glioblastoma.2017.ch11"},{"issue":"8","key":"4222_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13081963","volume":"13","author":"A Ribeiro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ribeiro A, Fote G, Himstead A et al (2025) Glioblastoma: from pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches. Biomedicines 13(8):1963. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines13081963","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"11","key":"4222_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2019.1638018","volume":"41","author":"NP Patel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patel NP, Lyon KA, Huang JH (2019) The effect of race on the prognosis of the glioblastoma patient: a brief review. Neurol Res 41(11):967\u2013971. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01616412.2019.1638018","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"4222_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13081882","volume":"13","author":"F Esparza-Salazar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Esparza-Salazar F, Murguiondo-P\u00e9rez R, Cano-Herrera G et al (2025) Glioblastoma: a multidisciplinary approach to its pathophysiology, treatment, and innovative therapeutic strategies. Biomedicines 13(8):1882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines13081882","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"4222_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02267-0","volume":"24","author":"A Pouyan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pouyan A, Ghorbanlo M, Eslami M et al (2025) Glioblastoma multiforme: insights into pathogenesis, key signaling pathways, and therapeutic strategies. Mol Cancer 24:58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12943-025-02267-0","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"4222_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17010146","volume":"17","author":"D Sipos","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sipos D, Raposa BL, Freihat O et al (2025) Glioblastoma: clinical presentation, multidisciplinary management, and long-term outcomes. Cancers (Basel) 17(1):146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17010146","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"4222_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_48_22","volume":"65","author":"S Mahajan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mahajan S, Suri V, Sahu S et al (2022) World Health Organization Classification of tumors of the central nervous system: 5th edition. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 65(Suppl 1):S2\u2013S4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijpm.ijpm_48_22","journal-title":"Indian J Pathol Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4222_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25053040","volume":"25","author":"Z Lan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lan Z, Li X, Zhang X (2024) Glioblastoma: an update in pathology, molecular mechanisms and biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 25(5):3040. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25053040","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4222_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201902971","author":"B Delgado-Mart\u00edn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delgado-Mart\u00edn B, Medina MA (2020) Advances in the knowledge of the molecular biology of glioblastoma and its impact in patient diagnosis, stratification, and treatment. Adv Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.201902971","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"4222_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-025-01631-0","volume":"25","author":"MS Anwer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anwer MS, Abdel-Rasol MA, El-Sayed WM (2025) Emerging therapeutic strategies in glioblastoma: drug repurposing, mechanisms of resistance, precision medicine, and technological innovations. Clin Exp Med 25:117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10238-025-01631-0","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"4222_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7090","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.114257","volume":"15","author":"M Ijaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ijaz M, Tan Q, Yan Y et al (2025) Overcoming barriers in glioblastoma: the potential of CAR T cell immunotherapy. Theranostics 15(14):7090\u20137126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.114257","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"22","key":"4222_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11223626","volume":"11","author":"A Johnson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Johnson A, Townsend M, O\u2019Neill K (2022) Tumor microenvironment immunosuppression: a roadblock to CAR T-cell advancement in solid tumors. Cells 11(22):3626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11223626","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"8","key":"4222_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15082351","volume":"15","author":"C Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang C, Li Y, Gu L et al (2023) Gene targets of CAR-T cell therapy for glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 15(8):2351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15082351","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"4222_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2022.102383","volume":"23","author":"H Fritah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fritah H, Rovelli R, Chiang CL-L, Kandalaft LE (2022) The current clinical landscape of personalized cancer vaccines. Cancer Treat Rev 23:102383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctrv.2022.102383","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"4222_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11101472","volume":"11","author":"T Christofi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christofi T, Baritaki S, Falzone L et al (2019) Current perspectives in cancer immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 11(10):1472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers11101472","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"17","key":"4222_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2898","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17172898","volume":"17","author":"S Rafii","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rafii S, Mukherji D, Komaranchath AS et al (2025) Advancing CAR T-cell therapy in solid tumors: current landscape and future directions. Cancers (Basel) 17(17):2898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17172898","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"4222_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.14216\/kjco.24009","volume":"20","author":"S Ahuja","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahuja S, Zaheer S (2024) The evolution of cancer immunotherapy: a comprehensive review of its history and current perspectives. Korean J Clin Oncol 20(2):51\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14216\/kjco.24009","journal-title":"Korean J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4222_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0623-5","volume":"14","author":"S Farkona","year":"2016","unstructured":"Farkona S, Diamandis EP, Blasutig IM (2016) Cancer immunotherapy: the beginning of the end of cancer? BMC Med 14:73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-016-0623-5","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"4222_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071972","volume":"15","author":"N Al Fayez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al Fayez N, Nassar MS, Alshehri AA et al (2023) Recent advancement in mRNA vaccine development and applications. Pharmaceutics 15(7):1972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071972","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"4222_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-025-01221-x","volume":"18","author":"R Salahlou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Salahlou R, Farajnia S, Alizadeh E, Dastmalchi S (2025) Recent developments in peptide vaccines against glioblastoma, a review and update. Mol Brain 18:50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13041-025-01221-x","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"4222_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-024-01226-x","volume":"21","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Zhou F, Ali H et al (2024) Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: current state, challenges, and future perspectives. Cell Mol Immunol 21:1354\u20131375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41423-024-01226-x","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"4222_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00241-8","volume":"6","author":"W Lei","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lei W, Zhou K, Lei Y et al (2025) Cancer vaccines: platforms and current progress. Mol Biomed 6:3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43556-024-00241-8","journal-title":"Mol Biomed"},{"issue":"10427","key":"4222_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02268-7","volume":"403","author":"JS Weber","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weber JS, Carlino MS, Khattak A et al (2024) Individualised neoantigen therapy mRNA-4157 (V940) plus pembrolizumab versus pembrolizumab monotherapy in resected melanoma (KEYNOTE-942): a randomised, phase 2b study. Lancet 403(10427):632\u2013644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02268-7","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4222_CR27","unstructured":"SurVaxM Plus Adjuvant Temozolomide for Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma (SURVIVE) [Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05163080. Sponsor: MimiVax, LLC. Updated 26 Feb 2024. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05163080?cond=%22Glioblastoma%22&intr=%22Cysteine%22&viewType=Table&rank=2"},{"key":"4222_CR28","unstructured":"A Clinical Trial Evaluating TG4050 in Head and Neck Cancer [Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04183166. Sponsor: Transgene. Updated 15 Jun 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04183166"},{"key":"4222_CR29","unstructured":"An Efficacy Study of Adjuvant Treatment With the Personalized Cancer Vaccine mRNA-4157 and Pembrolizumab in Participants With High-Risk Melanoma (KEYNOTE-942) [Internet]. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03897881. Sponsor: ModernaTX, Inc. Updated 8 Jun 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03897881"},{"key":"4222_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20210058","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20210058","volume":"3","author":"S Du","year":"2023","unstructured":"Du S, Yan J, Xue Y et al (2023) Adoptive cell therapy for cancer treatment. Exploration 3:20210058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/EXP.20210058","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"4222_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01492-8","volume":"16","author":"P Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang P, Zhang G, Wan X (2023) Challenges and new technologies in adoptive cell therapy. J Hematol Oncol 16:97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13045-023-01492-8","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4222_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104188","volume":"29","author":"M Ijaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ijaz M, Ullah Z, Aslam B et al (2024) From promise to progress: the dynamic landscape of glioblastoma immunotherapy. Drug Discov Today 29(11):104188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104188","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"issue":"6","key":"4222_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2023.05.009","volume":"37","author":"JA Wala","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wala JA, Hanna GJ (2023) Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for solid tumors. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 37(6):1149\u20131168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.hoc.2023.05.009","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol Clin N Am"},{"key":"4222_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02269-w","volume":"10","author":"I Zugasti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zugasti I, Espinosa-Aroca L, Fidyt K et al (2025) CAR-T cell therapy for cancer: current challenges and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 10:210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-025-02269-w","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"4222_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-024-00753-0","volume":"8","author":"S Park","year":"2024","unstructured":"Park S, Maus MV, Choi BD (2024) CAR-T cell therapy for the treatment of adult high-grade gliomas. NPJ Precis Oncol 8:279. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41698-024-00753-0","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"issue":"14","key":"4222_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6273","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.76854","volume":"12","author":"Z Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Z, Zhou Z, Dang Q et al (2022) Immunosuppression in tumor immune microenvironment and its optimization from CAR-T cell therapy. Theranostics 12(14):6273\u20136290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.76854","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"issue":"13","key":"4222_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137174","volume":"25","author":"E Agosti","year":"2024","unstructured":"Agosti E, Garaba A, Antonietti S et al (2024) CAR-T cells therapy in glioblastoma: a systematic review on molecular targets and treatment strategies. Int J Mol Sci 25(13):7174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25137174","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4222_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16081599","volume":"16","author":"P Bl\u00fcm","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bl\u00fcm P, Kayser S (2024) Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in hematologic malignancies: clinical implications and limitations. Cancers (Basel) 16:1599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16081599","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"4222_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxaf002","volume":"37","author":"H Ikeda","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ikeda H (2025) Cancer immunotherapy in progress\u2014an overview of the past 130 years. Int Immunol 37(5):253\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intimm\/dxaf002","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"4222_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.117987","volume":"186","author":"B Bhutani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bhutani B, Sharma V, Ganguly NK, Rana R (2025) Unravelling the modified T cell receptor through Gen-next CAR T cell therapy in Glioblastoma: current status and future challenges. Biomed Pharmacother 186:117987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.117987","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"4222_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.005","volume":"33","author":"KK Patel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Patel KK, Tariveranmoshabad M, Kadu S et al (2025) From concept to cure: the evolution of CAR-T cell therapy. Mol Ther 33:2123\u20132140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.005","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"17","key":"4222_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17172917","volume":"17","author":"T Andreou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Andreou T, Neophytou C, Mpekris F, Stylianopoulos T (2025) Expanding immunotherapy beyond CAR T cells: engineering diverse immune cells to target solid tumors. Cancers (Basel) 17(17):2917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17172917","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"4","key":"4222_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00459-7","volume":"11","author":"RC Sterner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sterner RC, Sterner RM (2021) CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies. Blood Cancer J 11(4):69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41408-021-00459-7","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"4222_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2824","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112824","volume":"10","author":"R Weiss","year":"2021","unstructured":"Weiss R, Gerdes W, Berthold R et al (2021) Comparison of three CD3-specific separation methods leading to labeled and label-free T cells. Cells 10:2824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10112824","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"4222_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230903","volume":"221","author":"M Ayala Ceja","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ayala Ceja M, Khericha M, Harris CM et al (2024) CAR-T cell manufacturing: major process parameters and next-generation strategies. J Exp Med 221:e20230903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20230903","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4222_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0b013e3181eb33a6","volume":"16","author":"CJ Turtle","year":"2010","unstructured":"Turtle CJ, Riddell SR (2010) Artificial antigen-presenting cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. Cancer J 16(4):374\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PPO.0b013e3181eb33a6","journal-title":"Cancer J"},{"issue":"3","key":"4222_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10030457","volume":"10","author":"S Quinn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Quinn S, Lenart N, Dronzek V et al (2022) Genetic modification of T cells for the immunotherapy of cancer. Vaccines 10(3):457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines10030457","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"4","key":"4222_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.018036","volume":"8","author":"M Sharpe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharpe M, Mount N (2015) Genetically modified T cells in cancer therapy: opportunities and challenges. Dis Model Mech 8(4):337\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dmm.018036","journal-title":"Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"4222_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2018.01.025","volume":"53","author":"P Vormittag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vormittag P, Gunn R, Ghorashian S, Veraitch FS (2018) A guide to manufacturing CAR T cell therapies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 53:164\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.copbio.2018.01.025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"4222_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121016","volume":"309","author":"S Vandghanooni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vandghanooni S, Eskandani M, Sanaat Z, Omidi Y (2022) Recent advances in the production, reprogramming, and application of CAR-T cells for treating hematological malignancies. Life Sci 309:121016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121016","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4222_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2025.2558403","volume":"21","author":"Y Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Y, Cao R, Wang S et al (2025) In vivo CAR-T cell therapy: new breakthroughs for cell-based tumor immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 21(1):2558403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2025.2558403","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"2","key":"4222_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70067","volume":"6","author":"H Yin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yin H, Wei X (2025) The design of retroviral vectors used in the CAR-T products, risk management, and future perspective. MedComm 6(2):e70067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.70067","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"4222_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-024-00771-x","volume":"31","author":"V De Castro","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Castro V, Galaine J, Loyon R et al (2024) CRISPR-Cas gene knockouts to optimize engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 31:1124\u20131134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41417-024-00771-x","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"key":"4222_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01925-5","volume":"23","author":"M Chehelgerdi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chehelgerdi M, Chehelgerdi M, Khorramian-Ghahfarokhi M et al (2024) Comprehensive review of CRISPR-based gene editing: mechanisms, challenges, and applications in cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 23:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12943-023-01925-5","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"4222_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mcb.2021.07.001","volume-title":"Methods in cell biology","author":"M Poorebrahim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Poorebrahim M, Quiros-Fernandez I, Fakhr E, Cid-Arregui A (2022) Generation of CAR-T cells using lentiviral vectors. In: Conn PM (ed) Methods in cell biology, vol 167. Academic Press, New York, pp 39\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.mcb.2021.07.001"},{"key":"4222_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411393","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1411393","volume":"15","author":"M Rossi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rossi M, Breman E (2024) Engineering strategies to safely drive CAR T-cells into the future. Front Immunol 15:1411393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1411393","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4222_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354825","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1354825","volume":"15","author":"R Tao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tao R, Han X, Bai X et al (2024) Revolutionizing cancer treatment: enhancing CAR-T cell therapy with CRISPR\/Cas9 gene editing technology. Front Immunol 15:1354825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1354825","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4222_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5743","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003607","volume":"87","author":"W Czy\u017cewski","year":"2025","unstructured":"Czy\u017cewski W, Kus-Budzynska K, Sobstyl J et al (2025) CAR-T cell therapy for glioblastoma: advances, challenges, and future directions. Ann Med Surg 87(9):5743\u20135756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MS9.0000000000003607","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"4222_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1625","volume":"25","author":"BD Choi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Choi BD, Maus MV, June CH, Sampson JH (2019) Immunotherapy for glioblastoma: adoptive T-cell strategies. Clin Cancer Res 25(7):2042\u20132048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1625","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"4222_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582296","volume":"16","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Shi F, Zhu J, Yuan Y (2025) An update on the clinical trial research of immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Front Immunol 16:1582296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1582296","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4222_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02875-1","volume":"30","author":"EC Brown","year":"2024","unstructured":"Brown EC, Hibbard CJ, Alizadeh D et al (2024) Locoregional delivery of IL-13R\u03b12-targeting CAR-T cells in recurrent high-grade glioma: a phase 1 trial. Nat Med 30(4):1001\u20131012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-02875-1","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"4222_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02299-4","volume":"10","author":"S Singh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Singh S, Dey D, Barik D et al (2025) Glioblastoma at the crossroads: current understanding and future therapeutic horizons. Signal Transduct Target Ther 10:213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-025-02299-4","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"4222_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5652","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15235652","volume":"15","author":"K Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma K, Hu P (2023) Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 15:5652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15235652","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"4222_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.830292","volume":"13","author":"AE Andrea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andrea AE, Chiron A, Mallah S et al (2022) Advances in CAR-T cell genetic engineering strategies to overcome hurdles in solid tumors treatment. Front Immunol 13:830292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.830292","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"4222_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/noajnl\/vdae173.109","volume":"6","author":"H Okada","year":"2024","unstructured":"Okada H (2024) IL-3 novel synnotch-CAR-based T-cell therapy for brain tumors. Neurooncol Adv 6(Suppl 4):iv28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/noajnl\/vdae173.109","journal-title":"Neurooncol Adv"},{"key":"4222_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-024-00564-w","volume":"13","author":"X Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li X, Chen T, Li X et al (2024) Therapeutic targets of armored chimeric antigen receptor T cells navigating the tumor microenvironment. Exp Hematol Oncol 13:96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40164-024-00564-w","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4222_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14070494","volume":"14","author":"J Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang J, Karbhari N, Campian JL (2025) Therapeutic targets in glioblastoma: molecular pathways, emerging strategies, and future directions. Cells 14(7):494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells14070494","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"4222_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-025-03431-6","volume":"44","author":"S Fang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fang S, Wu J, Liu, et al (2025) CD70 CAR-T cells empowered by TS-2021 through ex vivo transduction show potent antitumor efficacy against glioblastoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 44:173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13046-025-03431-6","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"4222_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106329","volume":"182","author":"SM Sagnella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sagnella SM, White AL, Yeo D, Saxena P et al (2022) Locoregional delivery of CAR-T cells in the clinic. Pharmacol Res 182:106329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106329","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"4222_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy423","volume":"29","author":"A Marabelle","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marabelle A, Andtbacka R, Harrington K et al (2018) Starting the fight in the tumor: expert recommendations for the development of human intratumoral immunotherapy (HIT-IT). Ann Oncol 29(11):2163\u20132174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdy423","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"issue":"6220","key":"4222_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419","volume":"347","author":"M Uhl\u00e9n","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uhl\u00e9n M, Fagerberg L, Hallstr\u00f6m BM et al (2015) Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science 347(6220):1260419. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1260419","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4222_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287725","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1287725","volume":"14","author":"X Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen X, Cui Y, Zou L (2024) Treatment advances in high-grade gliomas. Front Oncol 14:1287725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1287725","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"4222_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.661606","volume":"12","author":"G Zhu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhu G, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Liu F (2021) Targeting tumor-associated antigen: a promising CAR-T therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma treatment. Front Pharmacol 12:661606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.661606","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4222_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005187","volume":"10","author":"T Gargett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gargett T, Ebert LM, Truong NTH et al (2022) GD2-targeting CAR-T cells enhanced by transgenic IL-15 expression are an effective and clinically feasible therapy for glioblastoma. J Immunother Cancer 10(9):e005187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2022-005187","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"1","key":"4222_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07771-1","volume":"16","author":"F Yuan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yuan F, Wang Y, Yuan L et al (2025) EGFRvIII-positive glioblastoma contributes to immune escape and malignant progression via the c-Fos-MDK-LRP1 axis. Cell Death Dis 16(1):453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-025-07771-1","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"4222_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.37796\/2211-8039.1001","volume":"10","author":"M Ramezani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ramezani M, Siami S, Rezaei M et al (2020) An immunohistochemical study of HER2 expression in primary brain tumors. Biomedicine 10(1):21\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37796\/2211-8039.1001","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"4222_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2809206","volume":"28","author":"S Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou S, Sun H, Choi SI, Yin J (2023) Present status and advances in chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for glioblastoma. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 28(9):206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.fbl2809206","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"4222_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1746-6","volume":"16","author":"R Bhardwaj","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bhardwaj R, Suzuki A, Leland P et al (2018) Identification of a novel role of IL-13R\u03b12 in human glioblastoma multiforme: interleukin-13 mediates signal transduction through AP-1 pathway. J Transl Med 16:369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-018-1746-6","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"4222_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlx051","volume":"76","author":"D Pratt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pratt D, Pittaluga S, Palisoc M et al (2017) Expression of CD70 (CD27L) is associated with epithelioid and sarcomatous features in IDH-wild-type glioblastoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 76(8):697\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnen\/nlx051","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"4222_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495283","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1495283","volume":"15","author":"D Babi\u010d","year":"2024","unstructured":"Babi\u010d D, Jov\u010devska I, Zottel A (2024) B7\u2013H3 in glioblastoma and beyond: significance and therapeutic strategies. Front Immunol 15:1495283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1495283","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4222_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3892\/or.19.1.151","volume":"19","author":"L-F Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang L-F, Fokas E, Bieker M et al (2008) Increased expression of EphA2 correlates with adverse outcome in primary and recurrent glioblastoma multiforme patients. Oncol Rep 19:151\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/or.19.1.151","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"4222_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-021-00233-9","volume":"5","author":"M Prapa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prapa M, Chiavelli C, Golinelli G et al (2021) GD2 CAR T cells against human glioblastoma. NPJ Precis Oncol 5:93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41698-021-00233-9","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"key":"4222_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0642-9","volume":"7","author":"D Yang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang D, Sun B, Dai H et al (2019) T cells expressing NKG2D chimeric antigen receptors efficiently eliminate glioblastoma and cancer stem cells. J Immunother Cancer 7:171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40425-019-0642-9","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"4222_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1249929","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1249929","volume":"14","author":"P Machy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Machy P, Mortier E, Birkl\u00e9 S (2023) Biology of GD2 ganglioside: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 14:1249929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2023.1249929","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4222_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10061420","volume":"10","author":"J Siemaszko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siemaszko J, Marzec-Przyszlak A, Bogunia-Kubik K (2021) NKG2D natural killer cell receptor\u2014a short description and potential clinical applications. Cells 10(6):1420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10061420","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"7","key":"4222_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.62347\/YXVS6225","volume":"17","author":"S Selvaraj","year":"2024","unstructured":"Selvaraj S, Srinivas BH, Verma SK, Gopalakrishnan MS (2024) Significance of Nestin and CD133 as cancer stem cell markers in diffuse glioma and association with p53 expression and IDH status. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 17(7):208\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.62347\/YXVS6225","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4222_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16030623","volume":"16","author":"A Kowalczyk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kowalczyk A, Zarychta J, Marszo\u0142ek A et al (2024) Chimeric antigen receptor T cell and chimeric antigen receptor NK cell therapy in pediatric and adult high-grade glioma\u2014recent advances. Cancers (Basel) 16(3):623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16030623","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"4222_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13120998","volume":"13","author":"E ter Linden","year":"2024","unstructured":"ter Linden E, Abels ER, van Solinge TS et al (2024) Overcoming barriers in glioblastoma\u2014advances in drug delivery strategies. Cells 13(12):998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13120998","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"4222_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00679-6","volume":"12","author":"D Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou D, Zhu X, Xiao Y (2024) Advances in CAR-T therapy for central nervous system tumors. Biomark Res 12:132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40364-024-00679-6","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"key":"4222_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01481-w","volume":"8","author":"D Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu D, Chen Q, Chen X et al (2023) The blood\u2013brain barrier: structure, regulation and drug delivery. Sig Transduct Target Ther 8:217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01481-w","journal-title":"Sig Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"4222_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae063","volume":"26","author":"M Geurts","year":"2024","unstructured":"Geurts M, Preusser M (2024) Locoregional delivery of chimeric antigen receptor-T cells: breaking the spell in glioblastoma? Neuro Oncol 26(7):1177\u20131180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noae063","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"16","key":"4222_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16162913","volume":"16","author":"U Testa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Testa U, Castelli G, Pelosi E (2024) CAR-T cells in the treatment of nervous system tumors. Cancers 16(16):2913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers16162913","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"5","key":"4222_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-024-01338-x","volume":"24","author":"KH Narsinh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Narsinh KH, Perez E, Haddad AF et al (2024) Strategies to improve drug delivery across the blood\u2013brain barrier for glioblastoma. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 24(5):123\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11910-024-01338-x","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"4222_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03425-8","volume":"151","author":"K Beccaria","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beccaria K, Sabbagh A, de Groot J (2021) Blood\u2013brain barrier opening with low intensity pulsed ultrasound for immune modulation and immune therapeutic delivery to CNS tumors. J Neurooncol 151:65\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-020-03425-8","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4222_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yao.2023.01.017","volume":"3","author":"A Gould","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gould A, Arrieta Gonzales VA, Dmello C et al (2023) Advances in blood-brain barrier disruption to facilitate drug delivery for infiltrative gliomas. Adv Oncol 3(1):77\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yao.2023.01.017","journal-title":"Adv Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4222_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061230","volume":"12","author":"AA Seas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seas AA, Malla AP, Sharifai N et al (2024) Microbubble-enhanced focused ultrasound for infiltrating gliomas. Biomedicines 12(6):1230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines12061230","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"4222_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranon.2022.101477","volume":"24","author":"AB Suraiya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suraiya AB, Evtimov VJ, Truong VX et al (2022) Micro-hydrogel injectables that deliver effective CAR-T immunotherapy against 3D solid tumor spheroids. Transl Oncol 24:101477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tranon.2022.101477","journal-title":"Transl Oncol"},{"key":"4222_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320807","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1320807","volume":"11","author":"Y Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang Y, Yang X, Hu H et al (2024) Elevating the potential of CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors: exploiting biomaterials-based delivery techniques. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 11:1320807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1320807","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"4222_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13090726","volume":"13","author":"M Montoya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Montoya M, Gallus M, Phyu S et al (2024) A roadmap of CAR-T-cell therapy in glioblastoma: challenges and future perspectives. Cells 13:726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells13090726","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"4222_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abn8264","volume":"8","author":"AK Grosskopf","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grosskopf AK, Labanieh L, Klysz DD et al (2022) Delivery of CAR-T cells in a transient injectable stimulatory hydrogel niche improves treatment of solid tumors. Sci Adv 8:eabn8264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abn8264","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"4222_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3226","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NR05768B","volume":"16","author":"Y Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin Y, Chen Y, Luo Z, Wu Y-L (2024) Recent advances in biomaterial designs for assisting CAR-T cell therapy towards potential solid tumor treatment. Nanoscale 16:3226\u20133242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D3NR05768B","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"issue":"41","key":"4222_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abg5841","volume":"7","author":"EA Ogunnaike","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ogunnaike EA, Valdivia A, Yazdimamaghani M et al (2021) Fibrin gel enhances the antitumor effects of chimeric antigen receptor T cells in glioblastoma. Sci Adv 7(41):eabg5841. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.abg5841","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"4222_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-024-00542-2","volume":"13","author":"X Gu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gu X, Zhang Y, Zhou W et al (2024) Infusion and delivery strategies to maximize the efficacy of CAR-T cell immunotherapy for cancers. Exp Hematol Oncol 13:70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40164-024-00542-2","journal-title":"Exp Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"4222_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02893-z","volume":"30","author":"SJ Bagley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bagley SJ, Logun M, Fraietta JA et al (2024) Intrathecal bivalent CAR T cells targeting EGFR and IL13R\u03b12 in recurrent glioblastoma: phase 1 trial interim results. Nat Med 30:1320\u20131329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-024-02893-z","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"4222_CR105","unstructured":"Okada H (2025) Anti-EGFRvIII synNotch receptor induced anti-EphA2\/IL-13R\u03b12 CAR (E-SYNC) T cells. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT06186401. University of California, San Francisco; 2025. Updated February 10, 2025. https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06186401"},{"key":"4222_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/s41417-025-00931-7","volume":"32","author":"Z Tu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tu Z, Chen Y, Zhang Z et al (2025) Barriers and solutions for CAR-T therapy in solid tumors. Cancer Gene Ther 32:923\u2013934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41417-025-00931-7","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"key":"4222_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05903-3","volume":"22","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Xiao L, Yang M et al (2024) CAR-armored-cell therapy in solid tumor treatment. J Transl Med 22:1076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-024-05903-3","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"4222_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-024-04909-7","volume":"171","author":"EP Grewal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Grewal EP, Nahed BV, Carter BS et al (2025) Clinical progress in the development of CAR T cells to treat malignant glioma. J Neurooncol 171:571\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11060-024-04909-7","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4222_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.09.021","volume":"31","author":"L Tang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tang L, Pan S, Wei X et al (2023) Arming CAR-T cells with cytokines and more: innovations in the fourth-generation CAR-T development. Mol Ther 31(11):3146\u20133162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.09.021","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"591","key":"4222_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe7378","volume":"13","author":"JH Choe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choe JH, Watchmaker PB, Simic MS et al (2021) Synnotch-CAR T cells overcome challenges of specificity, heterogeneity, and persistence in treating glioblastoma. Sci Transl Med 13(591):eabe7378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.abe7378","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"4222_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5852","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15245852","volume":"15","author":"KD Pawlowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pawlowski KD, Duffy JT, Gottschalk S, Balyasnikova IV (2023) Cytokine modification of adoptive chimeric antigen receptor immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 15:5852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15245852","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"4222_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034707","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1034707","volume":"13","author":"J Tomasik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tomasik J, Jasi\u0144ski M, Basak GW (2022) Next generations of CAR-T cells\u2014new therapeutic opportunities in hematology? Front Immunol 13:1034707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1034707","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4222_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2020.276402","volume":"106","author":"B Bruno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bruno B, W\u00e4sch R, Engelhardt M et al (2021) European Myeloma Network perspective on CAR T-cell therapies for multiple myeloma. Haematologica 106:2054\u20132065. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3324\/haematol.2020.276402","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"14","key":"4222_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314390","volume":"390","author":"BD Choi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choi BD, Gerstner ER, Frigault MJ et al (2024) Intraventricular CARv3-TEAM-E T cells in recurrent glioblastoma. N Engl J Med 390(14):1290\u20131298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2314390","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"4222_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312810","volume":"22","author":"M Kilian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kilian M, Bunse T, Wick W et al (2021) Genetically modified cellular therapies for malignant gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 22(23):12810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms222312810","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4222_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.10.002","volume":"26","author":"CE Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown CE, Aguilar B, Starr R et al (2017) Optimization of IL13R\u03b12-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells for improved anti-tumor efficacy against glioblastoma. Mol Ther 26(1):31\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2017.10.002","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"4222_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.004","volume":"33","author":"SL Begley","year":"2025","unstructured":"Begley SL, O\u2019Rourke DM, Binder ZA (2025) CAR T cell therapy for glioblastoma: a review of the first decade of clinical trials. Mol Ther 33:2454\u20132461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.004","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"4222_CR118","unstructured":"City of Hope Medical Center. Genetically Modified T-cells in Treating Patients With Recurrent or Refractory Malignant Glioma. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02208362. Last updated September 3, 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02208362"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"4222_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"vi51","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noab196.203","volume":"23","author":"D Peereboom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Peereboom D, Lindsay R, Badruddoja M et al (2021) CTIM-11. Phase 2 study of SL-701, a novel immunotherapy, in adults with recurrent GBM: a high parameter flow cytometry analysis of CD8+ T cells and potential implications for patient enrichment strategies. Neuro Oncol 23(Suppl 6):vi51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noab196.203","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"key":"4222_CR120","unstructured":"Stemline Therapeutics, Inc. Safety and Efficacy Study of SL-701, a Glioma-Associated Antigen Vaccine to Treat Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02078648. Last updated February 3, 2025. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02078648"},{"key":"4222_CR121","unstructured":"Mackall C (2025) GD2 CAR T Cells in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas (DIPG) & Spinal Diffuse Midline Glioma (DMG). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04196413. Last updated March 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04196413"},{"key":"4222_CR122","unstructured":"University of Pennsylvania. CART-EGFR-IL13Ra2 in EGFR Amplified Recurrent GBM. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05168423. Last update posted August 13, 2025. https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05168423"},{"issue":"9","key":"4222_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102353","volume":"6","author":"G Escobar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Escobar G, Berger TR, Maus MV (2025) CAR-T cells in solid tumors: challenges and breakthroughs. Cell Rep Med 6(9):102353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102353","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"4222_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1432799","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1432799","volume":"15","author":"A Ali","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ali A, DiPersio JF (2024) Recarving the future: bridging CAR T-cell therapy gaps with synthetic biology, engineering, and economic insights. Front Immunol 15:1432799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1432799","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04222-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04222-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04222-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T14:45:19Z","timestamp":1764600319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04222-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"references-count":124,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04222-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"363"}}