{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:11:59Z","timestamp":1790878319797,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Hope Run Special Fund of Cancer Foundation of China","award":["LC2022A28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LC2022A28"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["L222101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L222101"]}]},{"name":"Major Project\/Translational research project of Medical Oncology Key Foundation of Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["CICAMS-MOMP2022004\/CICAMS-MOTRP2022005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CICAMS-MOMP2022004\/CICAMS-MOTRP2022005"]}]},{"name":"CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences","award":["2021-I2M-1-066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-I2M-1-066"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Immunol Immunother"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-025-04237-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T11:24:50Z","timestamp":1763637890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Fruquintinib plus sintilimab in previously bevacizumab-treated, pMMR\/MSS refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase 2 clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Wen.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cai-Feng.","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Long.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian-Yi.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Kun.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Chao.","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang.","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying.","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei-Long.","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue-zong.","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ai-Ping.","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A (2024) Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 74(3):229\u2013263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21834","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jncc.2024.01.006","volume":"4","author":"B Han","year":"2024","unstructured":"Han B, Zheng R, Zeng H, Wang S, Sun K, Chen R, Li L, Wei W, He J (2024) Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022. J Natl Cancer Cent 4(1):47\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jncc.2024.01.006","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Cent"},{"key":"4237_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1414325","volume":"372","author":"RJ Mayer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mayer RJ, Van Cutsem E, Falcone A et al (2015) Randomized trial of TAS-102 for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 372:1909\u20131919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1414325","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4237_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2214963","volume":"388","author":"GW Prager","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prager GW, Taieb J, Fakih M et al (2023) Trifluridine-Tipiracil and bevacizumab in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 388:1657\u20131667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2214963","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4237_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)70156-7","volume":"16","author":"J Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li J, Qin S, Xu R, Yau TCC, Ma B, Pan H, Xu J, Bai Y, Chi Y, Wang L, Yeh KH, Bi F, Cheng Y, Le AT, Lin JK, Liu T, Ma D, Kappeler C, Kalmus J, Kim TW (2015) Regorafenib plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care in Asian patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CONCUR): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 16(6):619\u2013629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(15)70156-7","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"4237_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.7855","volume":"319","author":"J Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li J, Qin S, Xu RH et al (2018) Effect of fruquintinib vs placebo on overall survival in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: the FRESCO randomized clinical trial. JAMA 319:2486\u20132496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2018.7855","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4237_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.07.012","volume":"39","author":"DS Chen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chen DS, Mellman I (2013) Oncology meets immunology: the cancer-immunity cycle. Immunity 39:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.07.012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"4237_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.03.075","volume":"15","author":"M Giannakis","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giannakis M, Mu XJ, Shukla SA et al (2016) Genomic correlates of immune-cell infiltrates in colorectal carcinoma. Cell Rep 15:857\u2013865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.03.075","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"4237_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.19.03296","volume":"38","author":"S Fukuoka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fukuoka S, Hara H, Takahashi N et al (2020) Regorafenib plus nivolumab in patients with advanced gastric or colorectal cancer: an open-label, dose-escalation, and dose-expansion phase Ib trial (REGONIVO, EPOC1603). J Clin Oncol 38:2053\u20132061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.19.03296","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4237_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101917","volume":"58","author":"M Fakih","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fakih M, Raghav KPS, Chang DZ, Larson T, Cohn AL, Huyck TK, Cosgrove D, Fiorillo JA, Tam R, D\u2019Adamo D, Sharma N, Brennan BJ, Wang YA, Coppieters S, Zebger-Gong H, Weispfenning A, Seidel H, Ploeger BA, Mueller U, Oliveira CSVd, Paulson AS (2023) Regorafenib plus nivolumab in patients with mismatch repair-proficient\/microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer: a single-arm, open-label, multicentre phase 2 study. EClinicalMedicine 58:101917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.101917","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"4237_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.03.026","volume":"169","author":"RD Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim RD, Kovari BP, Martinez M et al (2022) A phase I\/Ib study of regorafenib and nivolumab in mismatch repair proficient advanced refractory colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 169:93\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejca.2022.03.026","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"9","key":"4237_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100383","volume":"2","author":"F Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang F, He MM, Yao YC, Zhao X, Wang ZQ, Jin Y, Luo HY, Li JB, Wang FH, Qiu MZ, Lv ZD, Wang DS, Li YH, Zhang DS, Xu RH (2021) Regorafenib plus toripalimab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a phase Ib\/II clinical trial and gut microbiome analysis. Cell Rep Med 2(9):100383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100383","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"4237_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.23.02736","author":"A Kawazoe","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kawazoe A, Xu RH, Garc\u00eda-Alfonso P et al (2024) Lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab versus standard of care for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer: final analysis of the randomized, open-label, phase III LEAP-017 study. J Clin Oncol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.23.02736","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4237_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841977","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.841977","volume":"12","author":"Q Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Q, Cheng X, Zhou C, Tang Y, Li F, Zhang B, Huang T, Wang J, Tu S (2022) Fruquintinib enhances the antitumor immune responses of anti-programmed death receptor-1 in colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 12:841977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.841977","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(12)70477-1","volume":"14","author":"J Bennouna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bennouna J, Sastre J, Arnold D, \u00d6sterlund P, Greil R, Van Cutsem E, von Moos R, Vi\u00e9itez JM, Bouch\u00e9 O, Borg C, Steffens C-C, Alonso-Ordu\u00f1a V, Schlichting C, Reyes-Rivera I, Bendahmane B, Andr\u00e9 T, Kubicka S (2013) Continuation of bevacizumab after first progression in metastatic colorectal cancer (ML18147): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14(1):29\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1470-2045(12)70477-1","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"4237_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.09.1804","volume":"34","author":"G Prager","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prager G, Taieb J, Fakih M et al (2023) 613P effect of prior use of anti-VEGF agents on overall survival in patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a post-hoc analysis of the phase III SUNLIGHT trial. Ann Oncol 34:S439\u2013S440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.09.1804","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"4237_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.3_suppl.118","volume":"42","author":"H Satake","year":"2024","unstructured":"Satake H, Yamazaki K, Suwa Y et al (2024) First report of the randomized phase III study of bi-weekly trifluridine\/tipiracil (FTD\/TPI) plus bevacizumab (BEV) vs. FTD\/TPI monotherapy for chemorefractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): JCOG2014 (ROBiTS). J Clin Oncol 42:118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2024.42.3_suppl.118","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4237_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14974","volume":"35","author":"J Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu J, Xu R-H, Qin S et al (2020) Regorafenib in Chinese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: subgroup analysis of the phase 3 CONCUR trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 35:1307\u20131316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.14974","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4237_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)61900-x","volume":"381","author":"A Grothey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Grothey A, Van Cutsem E, Sobrero A et al (2013) Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381:303\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)61900-x","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"4237_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.2217\/fon-2020-0875","volume":"17","author":"R Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu R, Qin S, Guo W, Bai Y, Deng Y, Yang L, Chen Z, Zhong H, Pan H, Shu Y, Yuan Y, Zhou J, Xu N, Liu T, Ma D, Wu C, Cheng Y, Xu J, Chen D, Li W, Sun S, Yu Z, Cao P, Li J, Chen H, Wang J, Wang S, Wang H, Wang N, Zhang B, Han R, Su W, Guo X (2021) Subgroup analysis by prior anti-VEGF or anti-EGFR target therapy in FRESCO, a randomized, double-blind, Phase III trial. Future Oncol 17(11):1339\u20131350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fon-2020-0875","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4237_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6488","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5417","volume":"12","author":"WZ He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He WZ, Wang L, Yin CX, Yi JH, Jin YN, Jiang C, Guo GF, Xia LP (2023) Regorafenib with or without a programmed cell death protein 1 antibody as third-line treatment for microsatellite stable metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 12(6):6488\u20136498. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.5417","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"4237_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.21037\/jgo-23-108","volume":"14","author":"S Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma S, Chen R, Duan L, Li C, Yang T, Wang J, Zhao D (2023) Efficacy and safety of toripalimab with fruquintinib in the third-line treatment of refractory advanced metastatic colorectal cancer: results of a single-arm, single-center, prospective, phase II clinical study. J Gastrointest Oncol 14:1052\u20131063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/jgo-23-108","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Oncol"},{"key":"4237_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1429095","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1429095","volume":"14","author":"X Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen X, Li W, Lei X, Li Z, Guo Q, Ma X, Luo Y, Wang L (2024) Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with bevacizumab in MSS\/pMMR advanced colorectal cancer after first-line treatment failure. Front Oncol 14:1429095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1429095","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4237_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-3416","volume":"27","author":"S Cousin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cousin S, Cantarel C, Guegan JP, Gomez-Roca C, Metges J-P, Adenis A, Pernot S, Bellera C, Kind M, Auzanneau C, Le Loarer F, Soubeyran I, Bessede A, Italiano A (2021) Regorafenib-Avelumab combination in patients with microsatellite stable colorectal cancer (REGOMUNE): a single-arm, open-label, phase II trial. Clin Cancer Res 27(8):2139\u20132147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-3416","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"4237_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.4_suppl.127","volume":"43","author":"E Fontana","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fontana E, Robert M, Falcon Gonzalez A et al (2025) Zanzalintinib (XL092) alone or in combination with atezolizumab in patients (pts) with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): results from an expansion cohort of the phase 1 STELLAR-001 study. J Clin Oncol 43:127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2025.43.4_suppl.127","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4237_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330024","volume":"73","author":"BL Green","year":"2024","unstructured":"Green BL, Myojin Y, Ma C, Ruf B, Ma L, Zhang Q, Rosato U, Qi J, Revsine M, Wabitsch S, Bauer K, Benmebarek MR, McCallen J, Nur A, Wang X, Sehra V, Gupta R, Claassen M, Wang XW, Korangy F, Greten TF (2024) Immunosuppressive CD29(+) Treg accumulation in the liver in mice on checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Gut 73(3):509\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2023-330024","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"4237_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167035","volume":"1870","author":"L Chang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang L, Xu L, Tian Y et al (2024) NLRP6 deficiency suppresses colorectal cancer liver metastasis growth by modulating M-MDSC-induced immunosuppressive microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 1870:167035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbadis.2024.167035","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"4237_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1131-x","volume":"27","author":"J Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu J, Green MD, Li S et al (2021) Liver metastasis restrains immunotherapy efficacy via macrophage-mediated T cell elimination. Nat Med 27:152\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-1131-x","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"52","key":"4237_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaba0759","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aba0759","volume":"5","author":"JC Lee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee JC, Mehdizadeh S, Smith J, Young A, Mufazalov IA, Mowery CT, Daud A, Bluestone JA (2020) Regulatory T cell control of systemic immunity and immunotherapy response in liver metastasis. Sci Immunol 5(52):eaba0759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.aba0759","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"4237_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpsurg.2025.101791","volume":"69","author":"S Gu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gu S, Chen S, Chai Y, Qu C, Sun X, Yu J (2025) Predictive value of preoperative serum cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1(CYFRA 21-1) in surgical resection for colorectal cancer: a retrospective study. Curr Probl Surg 69:101791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpsurg.2025.101791","journal-title":"Curr Probl Surg"},{"key":"4237_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpsurg.2025.101786","volume":"69","author":"C Shen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shen C, Li W, Shi J, Chen L, Ning N, Yan Y (2025) Comparative prognostic value of ultrasound and CT scan in postoperative follow-up of colorectal cancer. Curr Probl Surg 69:101786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cpsurg.2025.101786","journal-title":"Curr Probl Surg"},{"key":"4237_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039121","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.1039121","volume":"9","author":"DC Guven","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guven DC, Sahin TK, Erul E, Rizzo A, Ricci AD, Aksoy S, Yalcin S (2022) The association between albumin levels and survival in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Mol Biosci 9:1039121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2022.1039121","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"key":"4237_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.21037\/tlcr-24-378","volume":"13","author":"Y Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen Y, Liu T, Feng H et al (2024) The prognostic role of albumin levels in lung cancer patients receiving third-line or advanced immunotherapy: a retrospective study. Transl Lung Cancer Res 13:1307\u20131317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/tlcr-24-378","journal-title":"Transl Lung Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4237_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-022-00267-7","volume":"6","author":"SK Yoo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoo SK, Chowell D, Valero C, Morris LGT, Chan TA (2022) Pre-treatment serum albumin and mutational burden as biomarkers of response to immune checkpoint blockade. NPJ Precis Oncol 6(1):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41698-022-00267-7","journal-title":"NPJ Precis Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4237_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12071986","volume":"12","author":"AS Almasaudi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Almasaudi AS, Dolan RD, Edwards CA, McMillan DC (2020) Hypoalbuminemia reflects nutritional risk, body composition and systemic inflammation and is independently associated with survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Cancers 12(7):1986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12071986","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"4237_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2023.04.018","volume":"58","author":"Q Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu Q, Liu Z, Li B, Liu YE, Wang P (2024) Immunoregulation in cancer-associated cachexia. J Adv Res 58:45\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jare.2023.04.018","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"key":"4237_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00624-w","volume":"22","author":"H Baazim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baazim H, Antonio-Herrera L, Bergthaler A (2022) The interplay of immunology and cachexia in infection and cancer. Nat Rev Immunol 22:309\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-021-00624-w","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"4237_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-005670","author":"M Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng M (2022) Serum albumin: a pharmacokinetic marker for optimizing treatment outcome of immune checkpoint blockade. J Immunother Cancer. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2022-005670","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"4237_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.107048","volume":"199","author":"TT Vu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vu TT, Kim K, Manna M, Thomas J, Remaily BC, Montgomery EJ, Costa T, Granchie L, Xie Z, Guo Y, Chen M, Castillo AMM, Kulp SK, Mo X, Nimmagadda S, Gregorevic P, Owen DH, Ganesan LP, Mace TA, Coss CC, Phelps MA (2024) Decoupling FcRn and tumor contributions to elevated immune checkpoint inhibitor clearance in cancer cachexia. Pharmacol Res 199:107048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2023.107048","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"4237_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy004","volume":"29","author":"E Dell\u2019Aquila","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Aquila E, Cremolini C, Zeppola T, Lonardi S, Bergamo F, Masi G, Stellato M, Marmorino F, Schirripa M, Urbano F, Ronzoni M, Tomasello G, Zaniboni A, Racca P, Buonadonna A, Allegrini G, Fea E, Di Donato S, Chiara S, Tonini G, Tomcikova D, Boni L, Falcone A, Santini D (2018) Prognostic and predictive role of neutrophil\/lymphocytes ratio in metastatic colorectal cancer: a retrospective analysis of the TRIBE study by GONO. Ann Oncol 29(4):924\u2013930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdy004","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"4237_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2022.106959","volume":"107","author":"N Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin N, Li J, Yao X, Zhang X, Liu G, Zhang Z, Weng S (2022) Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in colorectal cancer liver metastasis: a meta-analysis of results from multivariate analysis. Int J Surg 107:106959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsu.2022.106959","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"4237_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12480","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12480","volume":"13","author":"DS Rubenich","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rubenich DS, Domagalski JL, Gentil GFS, Eichberger J, Fiedler M, Weber F, Federlin M, Poeck H, Reichert TE, Ettl T, Bauer RJ, Braganhol E, Schulz D (2024) The immunomodulatory ballet of tumour-derived extracellular vesicles and neutrophils orchestrating the dynamic CD73\/PD-L1 pathway in cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 13(7):e12480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jev2.12480","journal-title":"J Extracell Vesicles"},{"key":"4237_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0222-4","volume":"16","author":"ME Shaul","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shaul ME, Fridlender ZG (2019) Tumour-associated neutrophils in patients with cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 16:601\u2013620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41571-019-0222-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4237_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1408700","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1408700","volume":"15","author":"S Tan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tan S, Zheng Q, Zhang W, Zhou M, Xia C, Feng W (2024) Prognostic value of inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, and LMR in gastric cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Immunol 15:1408700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1408700","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4237_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482746","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1482746","volume":"15","author":"Y Ou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ou Y, Liang S, Gao Q, Shang Y, Liang J, Zhang W, Liu S (2024) Prognostic value of inflammatory markers NLR, PLR, LMR, dNLR, ANC in melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Immunol 15:1482746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1482746","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4237_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003536","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003536","volume":"9","author":"JV Alessi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alessi JV, Ricciuti B, Alden SL, Bertram AA, Lin JJ, Sakhi M, Nishino M, Vaz VR, Lindsay J, Turner MM, Pfaff K, Sharma B, Felt KD, Rodig SJ, Gainor JF, Awad MM (2021) Low peripheral blood derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR) is associated with increased tumor T-cell infiltration and favorable outcomes to first-line pembrolizumab in non-small cell lung cancer. J Immunother Cancer 9(11):e003536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2021-003536","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"4237_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-20935-9","volume":"12","author":"C Valero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valero C, Lee M, Hoen D et al (2021) Pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and mutational burden as biomarkers of tumor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Nat Commun 12:729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-021-20935-9","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04237-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04237-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04237-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T14:45:22Z","timestamp":1764600322000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04237-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-025-04237-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and local laws and regulations of China, where it was conducted. The trial protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Approval No. 19\/208\u20131992) and registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04695470).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"All patients provided written informed consent prior to screening.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable; no personal or identifying data for patients have been included in this article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"381"}}