{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:38:17Z","timestamp":1792175897602,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Medical Research Project of Jiangsu Provincial Healthcare Commission","award":["MQ2024029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MQ2024029"]}]},{"name":"Taizhou Social Development Project","award":["TS202408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TS202408"]}]},{"name":"Taizhou 311 High-level Talent Cultivation Project"},{"name":"the NSFC Cultivation Project of Nanjing Medical University","award":["TZKY20240110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TZKY20240110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Immunol Immunother"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-026-04309-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T14:33:00Z","timestamp":1769610780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Circulating sPD-L1 as a tumor microenvironment-derived biomarker: enhancing diagnostic discrimination accuracy in breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinchen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4309_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2212856","volume":"388","author":"AH Partridge","year":"2023","unstructured":"Partridge AH, Niman SM, Ruggeri M, Peccatori FA, Azim HA Jr, Colleoni M, Saura C, Shimizu C, Saetersdal AB, Kroep JR et al (2023) Interrupting endocrine therapy to attempt pregnancy after breast cancer. N Engl J Med 388:1645\u20131656","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4309_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2022.07.002","volume":"8","author":"D Denk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Denk D, Greten FR (2022) Inflammation: the incubator of the tumor microenvironment. Trends Cancer 8:901\u2013914","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"4309_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.016","volume":"41","author":"KE de Visser","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Visser KE, Joyce JA (2023) The evolving tumor microenvironment: from cancer initiation to metastatic outgrowth. Cancer Cell 41:374\u2013403","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"4309_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-01012-0","volume":"29","author":"J Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang J, Zhang G, Zhang W, Bai L, Wang L, Li T, Yan L, Xu Y, Chen D, Gao W et al (2022) Loss of RBMS1 promotes anti-tumor immunity through enabling PD-L1 checkpoint blockade in triple-negative breast cancer. Cell Death Differ 29:2247\u20132261","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"4309_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2203699","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202203699","volume":"10","author":"Y Zou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zou Y, Ye F, Kong Y, Hu X, Deng X, Xie J, Song C, Ou X, Wu S, Wu L et al (2023) The single-cell landscape of intratumoral heterogeneity and the immunosuppressive microenvironment in liver and brain metastases of breast cancer. Adv Sci (Weinh) 10:e2203699","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"4309_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab131","volume":"67","author":"L Sinoquet","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sinoquet L, Jacot W, Gauthier L, Pouderoux S, Viala M, Cayrefourcq L, Quantin X, Alix-Panabieres C (2021) Programmed cell death ligand 1-expressing circulating tumor cells: a new prognostic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Chem 67:1503\u20131512","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"4309_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvad187","volume":"70","author":"E Acheampong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Acheampong E, Allsopp RC, Page K, Wadsley MK, Beasley AB, Coombes RC, Shaw JA, Gray ES (2024) Meta-analysis of circulating tumor cell PD-L1 expression and the association with clinical outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Chem 70:234\u2013249","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"4309_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00431-4","volume":"22","author":"AVR Kornepati","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kornepati AVR, Vadlamudi RK, Curiel TJ (2022) Programmed death ligand 1 signals in cancer cells. Nat Rev Cancer 22:174\u2013189","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"4309_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02180-y","volume":"21","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Pan D, Ning Z, Huang F, Wei Y, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Wang LX, Shen Y (2023) Identifying tumor cell-released extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis by a three-dimensional hydrogel-based electrochemical immunosensor. J Nanobiotechnology 21:467","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"4309_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.110228","volume":"27","author":"Y Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu Y, Liu L, He F, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Cao Z, Xu X, Gong J (2024) Long noncoding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 as a potential novel biomarker for intraperitoneal free cancer cells in colorectal cancer. iScience 27:110228","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"4309_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s13058-023-01724-2","volume":"25","author":"G Sigurjonsdottir","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sigurjonsdottir G, De Marchi T, Ehinger A, Hartman J, Bosch A, Staaf J, Killander F, Nimeus E (2023) Comparison of SP142 and 22C3 PD-L1 assays in a population-based cohort of triple-negative breast cancer patients in the context of their clinically established scoring algorithms. Breast Cancer Res 25:123","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res"},{"key":"4309_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00856-y","volume":"23","author":"S Rose-John","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rose-John S, Jenkins BJ, Garbers C, Moll JM, Scheller J (2023) Targeting IL-6 trans-signalling: past, present and future prospects. Nat Rev Immunol 23:666\u2013681","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"4309_CR13","first-page":"229","volume":"74","author":"F Bray","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A (2024) Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 74:229\u2013263","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"4309_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2303175","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202303175","volume":"11","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhou Y, Yang L, Lei L, He B, Cao J, Gao H (2024) Challenges Coexist with Opportunities: Spatial Heterogeneity Expression of PD-L1 in Cancer Therapy. Adv Sci (Weinh) 11:e2303175","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"4309_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-02898-4","volume":"70","author":"B Han","year":"2021","unstructured":"Han B, Dong L, Zhou J, Yang Y, Guo J, Xuan Q, Gao K, Xu Z, Lei W, Wang J, Zhang Q (2021) The clinical implication of soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) in patients with breast cancer and its biological function in regulating the function of T lymphocyte. Cancer Immunol Immunother 70:2893\u20132909","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"4309_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl5447","volume":"375","author":"FKS Lowery","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lowery FKS, Yossef R, Parikh N, Chatani P, Zacharakis N et al (2022) Molecular signatures of antitumor neoantigen- reactive T cells from metastatic human cancers. Science 375:877\u2013884","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4309_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06081-w","volume":"617","author":"R Naghavian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naghavian R, Faigle W, Oldrati P, Wang J, Toussaint NC, Qiu Y, Medici G, Wacker M, Freudenmann LK, Bonte PE et al (2023) Microbial peptides activate tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes in glioblastoma. Nature 617:807\u2013817","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4309_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaah5509","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aah5509","volume":"2","author":"FSR Haderk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haderk FSR, Iskar M, Cid L, Worst T, Willmund K et al (2017) Tumor-derived exosomes modulate PD-L1 expression in monocytes. Sci Immunol 2:eaah5509","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"4309_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"785222","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.785222","volume":"12","author":"C Kaltenmeier","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaltenmeier C, Yazdani HO, Morder K, Geller DA, Simmons RL, Tohme S (2021) Neutrophil extracellular traps promote T cell exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol 12:785222","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4309_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29388-0","volume":"13","author":"Z Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Z, Ding Y, Liu J, Wang J, Mo F, Wang Y, Chen-Mayfield TJ, Sondel PM, Hong S, Hu Q (2022) Depletion of tumor associated macrophages enhances local and systemic platelet-mediated anti-PD-1 delivery for post-surgery tumor recurrence treatment. Nat Commun 13:1845","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4309_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2022.100878","volume":"4","author":"MA Huseni","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huseni MA, Wang L, Klementowicz JE, Yuen K, Breart B, Orr C, Liu LF, Li Y, Gupta V, Li C et al (2023) CD8(+) T cell-intrinsic IL-6 signaling promotes resistance to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med 4:100878","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"4309_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04847-2","volume":"607","author":"C Hong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hong C, Schubert M, Tijhuis AE, Requesens M, Roorda M, van den Brink A, Ruiz LA, Bakker PL, van der Sluis T, Pieters W et al (2022) cGAS-STING drives the IL-6-dependent survival of chromosomally instable cancers. Nature 607:366\u2013373","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4309_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI126022","volume":"129","author":"LC Chan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan LC, Li CW, Xia W, Hsu JM, Lee HH, Cha JH, Wang HL, Yang WH, Yen EY, Chang WC et al (2019) IL-6\/JAK1 pathway drives PD-L1 Y112 phosphorylation to promote cancer immune evasion. J Clin Invest 129:3324\u20133338","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"4309_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26407-4","volume":"12","author":"EH Bent","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bent EH, Millan-Barea LR, Zhuang I, Goulet DR, Frose J, Hemann MT (2021) Microenvironmental IL-6 inhibits anti-cancer immune responses generated by cytotoxic chemotherapy. Nat Commun 12:6218","journal-title":"Nat Commun"}],"container-title":["Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04309-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04309-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04309-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T14:33:01Z","timestamp":1769610781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04309-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["4309"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04309-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study has been reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Taizhou People\u2019s Hospital under protocol KY2022-146\u201301.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"63"}}