{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:53:07Z","timestamp":1774356787073,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Immunol Immunother"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are effective for many cancers but often cause immune-related adverse events, particularly gastrointestinal (GI) complications such as colitis. Identifying risk factors for ICI colitis (CIC) could improve patient selection and discover potential mechanisms relevant to idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aim to identify risk factors with a robust methodological approach in a large multi-center longitudinal cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used electronic health record data from six University of California institutions with 10,260 adults on ICIs. Baseline and time-varying predictors were defined based on prior IBD epidemiology studies, including interactions. LASSO Cox regression was applied to data from UCSF Central Data Warehouse to select the most predictive model, with coefficients estimated using multi-center data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen significant predictors of CIC were identified. The strongest predictors were concurrent use of antibiotics (HR 2.72, 95% CI: 2.41\u20133.07) and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (1.50, 1.16\u20131.94). Notable GI risk factors included gastroesophageal reflux disorder (1.31, 1.14\u20131.50), other GI disorders (1.32, 1.16\u20131.50), and disorders of the gallbladder, biliary tract, and pancreas (1.33, 1.15\u20131.57). High BMI before ICI administration increased risk (per unit 1.07, 1.04\u20131.09), while higher BMI after ICI administration decreased risk (per unit 0.93, 0.90\u20130.95). Melanoma, anxiety, and depression also increased risk. GI oncologists should consider ICI colitis in patients with comorbid GI disorders or those using antibiotics or NSAIDs. A routine checkup for colitis could be beneficial for those patients. Future studies are needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and quantify clinical impact of increased checkups for colitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-026-04359-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:01:38Z","timestamp":1774353698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor colitis: a retrospective multi-center cohort study using electronic health records"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Danny Hoi Tsun","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann-Kathrin","family":"Schalkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivek A.","family":"Rudrapatna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"4359_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02887-1","volume":"132","author":"B Jayathilaka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jayathilaka B, Mian F, Franchini F et al (2025) Cancer and treatment specific incidence rates of immune-related adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Br J Cancer 132:51\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41416-024-02887-1","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"4359_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i4.405","volume":"7","author":"A Som","year":"2019","unstructured":"Som A, Mandaliya R, Alsaadi D et al (2019) Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis: a comprehensive review. World J Clin Cases 7:405\u2013418. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v7.i4.405","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"4359_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29050247","volume":"29","author":"Y Shiravand","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shiravand Y, Khodadadi F, Kashani SMA et al (2022) Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy. Curr Oncol 29:3044\u20133060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/curroncol29050247","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"4359_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030691","volume":"15","author":"S Nicolaides","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nicolaides S, Boussioutas A (2023) Immune-related adverse events of the gastrointestinal system. Cancers (Basel) 15:691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15030691","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"4359_CR5","first-page":"358","volume":"17","author":"JG Hashash","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hashash JG, Francis FF, Farraye FA (2021) Diagnosis and management of immune checkpoint inhibitor colitis. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 17:358\u2013366","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"key":"4359_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-019-0218-0","volume":"16","author":"F Martins","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martins F, Sofiya L, Sykiotis GP et al (2019) Adverse effects of immune-checkpoint inhibitors: epidemiology, management and surveillance. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 16:563\u2013580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41571-019-0218-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4359_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000482","volume":"34","author":"SI Siakavellas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Siakavellas SI, Bamias G (2018) Checkpoint inhibitor colitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 34:377\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000482","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4359_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2019-000331","volume":"8","author":"YG Najjar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Najjar YG, Navrazhina K, Ding F et al (2020) Ipilimumab plus Nivolumab for patients with metastatic uveal melanoma: a multicenter, retrospective study. J Immunother Cancer 8:e000331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2019-000331","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"4359_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504030","volume":"373","author":"J Larkin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Larkin J, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R et al (2015) Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab or monotherapy in untreated melanoma. N Engl J Med 373:23\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1504030","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4359_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30126-7","volume":"17","author":"JS Weber","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weber JS, Gibney G, Sullivan RJ et al (2016) Sequential administration of Nivolumab and Ipilimumab with a planned switch in patients with advanced melanoma (CheckMate 064): an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 17:943\u2013955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30126-7","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"4359_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.08.007","volume":"38","author":"P Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma P, Pachynski RK, Narayan V et al (2020) Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: preliminary analysis of patients in the CheckMate 650 trial. Cancer Cell 38:489-499.e3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccell.2020.08.007","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"4359_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.3699","volume":"10","author":"M Sarfaty","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarfaty M, Whiting K, Teo MY et al (2021) A phase II trial of durvalumab and tremelimumab in metastatic, non\u2010urothelial carcinoma of the urinary tract. Cancer Med 10:1074\u20131083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.3699","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"4359_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2021.101778","volume":"46","author":"N Farha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farha N, Alkhayyat M, Lindsey A et al (2022) Immune checkpoint inhibitor induced colitis: a nationwide population-based study. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 46:101778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinre.2021.101778","journal-title":"Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4359_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv227","volume":"10","author":"L Marthey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marthey L, Mateus C, Mussini C et al (2016) Cancer immunotherapy with anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies induces an inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 10:395\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjv227","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"4359_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21543","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.e21543","volume":"41","author":"S Bailey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bailey S, Havighurst T, Pozorski V et al (2023) Impact of antibiotics on survival outcomes and risk of gastritis\/colitis in patients with advanced-stage melanoma receiving anti-PD-1 therapy. J Clin Oncol 41:e21543\u2013e21543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.e21543","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4359_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-023-01055-8","volume":"23","author":"K Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang K, Li J, Sun Z et al (2023) Effect of age on the risk of immune-related adverse events in patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clin Exp Med 23:3907\u20133918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10238-023-01055-8","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"4359_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.70379","author":"SR Miller","year":"2024","unstructured":"Miller SR, Schipper M, Fritsche LG et al (2024) Pan\u2010cancer survival impact of immune checkpoint inhibitors in a national healthcare system. Cancer Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.70379","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"4359_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2022.09.004","volume":"4","author":"S Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan S, Day D, Nicholls SJ, Segelov E (2022) Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in oncology. JACC CardioOncol 4:579\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaccao.2022.09.004","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol"},{"key":"4359_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2147\/PGPM.S391756","volume":"16","author":"J-C Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu J-C, Yu H-J (2023) A review of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of immune checkpoint inhibitors and their clinical impact factors. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 16:29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PGPM.S391756","journal-title":"Pharmgenomics Pers Med"},{"key":"4359_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5750","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i39.5750","volume":"28","author":"AR Weingarden","year":"2022","unstructured":"Weingarden AR, Gubatan J, Singh S et al (2022) Immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated colitis is associated with cancer overall survival. World J Gastroenterol 28:5750\u20135763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v28.i39.5750","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"4359_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-019-02303-1","volume":"68","author":"H Abu-Sbeih","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abu-Sbeih H, Ali FS, Qiao W et al (2019) Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis as a predictor of survival in metastatic melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 68:553\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-019-02303-1","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"key":"4359_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44512-4","volume":"15","author":"P Middha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Middha P, Thummalapalli R, Betti MJ et al (2024) Polygenic risk score for ulcerative colitis predicts immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated colitis. Nat Commun 15:2568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-44512-4","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"4359_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001488","volume":"8","author":"KJ Nahar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nahar KJ, Rawson RV, Ahmed T et al (2020) Clinicopathological characteristics and management of colitis with anti-PD1 immunotherapy alone or in combination with ipilimumab. J Immunother Cancer 8:e001488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2020-001488","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"4359_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1148","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0094","volume":"24","author":"N Duma","year":"2019","unstructured":"Duma N, Abdel-Ghani A, Yadav S et al (2019) Sex differences in tolerability to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer: Are we all equal? Oncologist 24:e1148\u2013e1155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1634\/theoncologist.2019-0094","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"4359_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3747\/co.25.4047","volume":"25","author":"A Kartolo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kartolo A, Sattar J, Sahai V et al (2018) Predictors of immunotherapy-induced immune-related adverse events. Curr Oncol 25:403\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3747\/co.25.4047","journal-title":"Curr Oncol"},{"key":"4359_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/esmoopen-2020-000945","volume":"5","author":"RJ Verheijden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verheijden RJ, May AM, Blank CU et al (2020) Lower risk of severe checkpoint inhibitor toxicity in more advanced disease. ESMO Open 5:e000945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/esmoopen-2020-000945","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"4359_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdx286","volume":"28","author":"L Khoja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khoja L, Day D, Wei-Wu Chen T et al (2017) Tumour- and class-specific patterns of immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Ann Oncol 28:2377\u20132385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdx286","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"4359_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241411504","volume":"24","author":"M Terrin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Terrin M, Migliorisi G, Dal Buono A et al (2023) Checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis: from pathogenesis to management. Int J Mol Sci 24:11504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms241411504","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4359_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S403569","volume":"15","author":"MM Mirsky","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mirsky MM, Mitchell C, Hong A et al (2023) Outcomes of antineoplastic immunotherapy at a large healthcare organization: impact of provider, race and socioeconomic status. Cancer Manag Res 15:913\u2013927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CMAR.S403569","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"key":"4359_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15082329","volume":"15","author":"M Kono","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kono M, Shatila M, Xu G et al (2023) Obesity measured via body mass index may be associated with increased incidence but not worse outcomes of immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis. Cancers (Basel) 15:2329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers15082329","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"4359_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13236109","volume":"13","author":"D Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang D, Shah N, Cook M et al (2021) Association between body mass index and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) among advanced-stage cancer patients receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors: a pan-cancer analysis. Cancers (Basel) 13:6109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13236109","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"4359_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12134","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.12134","volume":"41","author":"H Derry-Vick","year":"2023","unstructured":"Derry-Vick H, Zaemes JP, Ahn J et al (2023) Associations between psychosocial risk factors and immune checkpoint inhibitor outcomes. J Clin Oncol 41:12134\u201312134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.12134","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4359_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e625","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyad097","volume":"28","author":"AC Johns","year":"2023","unstructured":"Johns AC, Yang M, Wei L et al (2023) Risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy toxicity among older adults with cancer. Oncologist 28:e625\u2013e632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oncolo\/oyad097","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"4359_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7305241","volume":"2020","author":"P Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li P, Chen K, Mao Z et al (2020) Association between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and pancreatitis: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/7305241","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"4359_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.11.057","volume":"17","author":"P-H Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu P-H, Burke KE, Ananthakrishnan AN et al (2019) Obesity and weight gain since early adulthood are associated with a lower risk of Microscopic Colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:2523-2532.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.11.057","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4359_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004560","volume":"10","author":"C Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma C, Pai RK, Schaeffer DF et al (2022) Recommendations for standardizing biopsy acquisition and histological assessment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated colitis. J Immunother Cancer 10:e004560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2022-004560","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"4359_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.21.02377","volume":"40","author":"JM Unger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Unger JM, Vaidya R, Albain KS et al (2022) Sex differences in risk of severe adverse events in patients receiving immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or chemotherapy in cancer clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 40:1474\u20131486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.21.02377","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4359_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1467-x","volume":"16","author":"S Valpione","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valpione S, Pasquali S, Campana LG et al (2018) Sex and interleukin-6 are prognostic factors for autoimmune toxicity following treatment with anti-CTLA4 blockade. J Transl Med 16:94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-018-1467-x","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"4359_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1344805","volume":"6","author":"DY Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang DY, Ye F, Zhao S, Johnson DB (2017) Incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related colitis in solid tumor patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncoimmunology 6:e1344805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2162402X.2017.1344805","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"4359_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djaa057","volume":"113","author":"JJ Mohiuddin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohiuddin JJ, Chu B, Facciabene A et al (2021) Association of antibiotic exposure with survival and toxicity in patients with melanoma receiving immunotherapy. JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst 113:162\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jnci\/djaa057","journal-title":"JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"4359_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-019-0714-x","volume":"7","author":"H Abu-Sbeih","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abu-Sbeih H, Herrera LN, Tang T et al (2019) Impact of antibiotic therapy on the development and response to treatment of immune checkpoint inhibitor-mediated diarrhea and colitis. J Immunother Cancer 7:242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40425-019-0714-x","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"4359_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12352","volume":"11","author":"I Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Lago","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Lago I, Aguirre U, Ram\u00edrez de la Piscina P et al (2023) Subclinical bowel inflammation increases healthcare resources utilization and steroid use before diagnosis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. United Eur Gastroenterol J 11:9\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ueg2.12352","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"4359_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastha.2024.05.011","volume":"3","author":"ML Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang ML, Algarrahi K, DiCarlo J et al (2024) Histopathologic features of unmasked inflammatory bowel disease following immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in colon biopsies. Gastro Hep Adv 3:986\u2013994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gastha.2024.05.011","journal-title":"Gastro Hep Adv"},{"key":"4359_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.10.004","volume":"21","author":"A Shirwaikar Thomas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shirwaikar Thomas A, Hanauer S, Wang Y (2023) Immune checkpoint inhibitor enterocolitis vs idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 21:878\u2013890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.10.004","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4359_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-002567","volume":"9","author":"J Sleiman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sleiman J, Wei W, Shah R et al (2021) Incidence of immune checkpoint inhibitor\u2013mediated diarrhea and colitis (imDC) in patients with cancer and preexisting inflammatory bowel disease: a propensity score\u2013matched retrospective study. J Immunother Cancer 9:e002567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2021-002567","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"}],"container-title":["Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04359-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04359-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04359-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:01:40Z","timestamp":1774353700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04359-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04359-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Vivek A. Rudrapatna's research is funded by grants to UCSF from the following for-profit entities:  BeOne Medicines Ltd, Johnson and Johnson, Takeda, Blueprint Medicines, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Genentech, and Stryker. He is a scientific advisor to  ZebraMD,  and Data Unite. He has previously received payment from Natera and Ironwood. The remaining authors disclose no conflicts. The authors declare that no actual competing interests exist.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}},{"value":"This study complies with all relevant ethical regulations and was approved by Institutional Review Board of University of California, San Francisco, with approval reference #18-24588.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}}],"article-number":"116"}}