{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:07:05Z","timestamp":1786115225363,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":66,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IV-113-GP-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IV-113-GP-04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004737","name":"National Health Research Institutes","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CA-106-PP-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA-106-PP-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004737","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Science and Technology Council","award":["MOST111-2314-B-400-027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST111-2314-B-400-027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Immunol Immunother"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-026-04441-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T14:03:33Z","timestamp":1780322613000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preclinical evaluation of rBCG-h12: an engineered Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin with an enhanced activity against bladder and pancreatic cancers"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Chang-Ching","family":"Yeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Shuan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kee Voon","family":"Chua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hao","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao-Lin","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Chu","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yung-Deng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Seng","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiu-Ju","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yih-Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Xiu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Ming","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Horng-Yunn","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tze-Sing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4441_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2558","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-25-0870","volume":"85","author":"K Prifti","year":"2025","unstructured":"Prifti K, Chabu CY, Kobayashi KS, Song J, Han A, de Figueiredo P (2025) Bacterial therapeutics: addressing the affordability gap in cancer therapy. Cancer Res 85:2558\u20132560","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"4441_CR2","first-page":"1481","volume":"24","author":"A Calmette","year":"1931","unstructured":"Calmette A (1931) Preventive vaccination against tuberculosis with BCG. Proc R Soc Med 24:1481\u20131490","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"4441_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)58737-6","volume":"116","author":"A Morales","year":"1976","unstructured":"Morales A, Eidinger D, Bruce AW (1976) Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. J Urol 116:180\u2013182","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"4441_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-189305000-00001","volume":"105","author":"W Coley","year":"1893","unstructured":"Coley W (1893) The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated inoculations of erysipelas: with a report of ten original cases. Am J Med Sci 105:487\u2013571","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"4441_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/184291a0","volume":"184","author":"LJ Old","year":"1959","unstructured":"Old LJ, Clarke DA, Benacerraf B (1959) Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin infection on transplanted tumours in the mouse. Nature 184:291\u2013292","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4441_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.9.3666","volume":"72","author":"EA Carswell","year":"1975","unstructured":"Carswell EA, Old LJ, Kassel RL, Green S, Fiore N, Williamson B (1975) An endotoxin-induced serum factor that causes necrosis of tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 72:3666\u20133670","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4441_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00744-3","volume":"20","author":"LMC van Hoogstraten","year":"2023","unstructured":"van Hoogstraten LMC, Vrieling A, van der Heijden AG, Kogevinas M, Richters A, Kiemeney LA (2023) Global trends in the epidemiology of bladder cancer: challenges for public health and clinical practice. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 20:287\u2013304","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"4441_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16020245","volume":"16","author":"A Llano","year":"2024","unstructured":"Llano A, Chan A, Kuk C, Kassouf W, Zlotta AR (2024) Carcinoma in situ (CIS): is there a difference in efficacy between various BCG strains? A comprehensive review of the literature. Cancers 16:245","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"4441_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67707-5","volume":"163","author":"DL Lamm","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crissman JD, Montie JE, Gottesman JE, Lowe BA et al (2000) Maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group study. J Urol 163:1124\u20131129","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"4441_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64273-5","volume":"168","author":"RJ Sylvester","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sylvester RJ, van der Meijden APM, Lamm DL (2002) Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol 168:1964\u20131970","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"4441_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2003.11.049","volume":"63","author":"A B\u00f6hle","year":"2004","unstructured":"B\u00f6hle A, Bock PR (2004) Intravesical Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin versus mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression. Urology 63:682\u2013686","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"4441_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.02.040","volume":"68","author":"L Mart\u00ednez-Pi\u00f1eiro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Pi\u00f1eiro L, Portillo JA, Fern\u00e1ndez JM, Zabala JA, Cadierno I, Moyano JL et al (2015) Maintenance therapy with 3-monthly Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin for 3 years is not superior to standard induction therapy in high-risk non-muscle-invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma: final results of randomised CUETO study 98013. Eur Urol 68:256\u2013262","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"4441_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0273733","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273733","volume":"17","author":"YJ Moon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moon YJ, Cho KS, Jeong JY, Chung DY, Kang DH, Jung HD, Lee JY (2022) Effects of intravesical BCG maintenance therapy duration on recurrence rate in high- risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC): systematic review and network meta-analysis according to EAU COVID-19 recommendations. PLoS ONE 17:e0273733","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4441_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2011.02815.x","volume":"120","author":"CW Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lin CW, Su IJ, Chang JR, Chen YY, Lu JJ, Dou HY (2012) Recombinant BCG coexpressing Ag85B, CFP10, and interleukin-12 induces multifunctional Th1 and memory T cells in mice. APMIS 120:72\u201382","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"4441_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2014.11.019","volume":"50","author":"YY Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen YY, Lin CW, Huang WF, Chang JR, Su IJ, Hsu CH et al (2017) Recombinant Bacille Calmettee-Gu\u00e9rin coexpressing Ag85b, CFP10, and interleukin-12 elicits effective protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect 50:90\u201396","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"4441_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01298","volume":"11","author":"SJ Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang SJ, Chen YY, Hsu CH, Hsu CW, Chang CY, Chang JR, Dou HY (2020) Activation of M1 macrophages in response to recombinant TB vaccines with enhanced antimycobacterial activity. Front Immunol 11:1298","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4441_CR17","first-page":"717","volume":"44","author":"TH Corbett","year":"1984","unstructured":"Corbett TH, Roberts BJ, Leopold WR, Peckham JC, Wilkoff LJ, Griswold DP Jr, Schabel FM Jr (1984) Induction and chemotherapeutic response of two transplantable ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas in C57BL\/6 mice. Cancer Res 44:717","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"4441_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4998","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23578","volume":"9","author":"CS Fan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fan CS, Chen WS, Chen LL, Chen CC, Hsu YT, Chua KV et al (2018) Osteopontin\u2013integrin engagement induces HIF-1\u03b1\u2013TCF12-mediated endothelial-mesenchymal transition to exacerbate colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 9:4998\u20135015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"4441_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0826-2","volume":"12","author":"CS Fan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fan CS, Chen LL, Hsu TA, Chen CC, Chua KV, Li CP, Huang TS (2019) Endothelial-mesenchymal transition harnesses HSP90\u03b1-secreting M2-macrophages to exacerbate pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. J Hematol Oncol 12:138","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"4441_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1424612","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2018.1424612","volume":"7","author":"CC Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen CC, Chen LL, Li CP, Hsu YT, Jiang SS, Fan CS et al (2018) Myeloid-derived macrophages and secreted HSP90\u03b1 induce pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma development. OncoImmunology 7:e1424612","journal-title":"OncoImmunology"},{"key":"4441_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/38151","volume":"389","author":"MA Behr","year":"1997","unstructured":"Behr MA, Small PM (1997) Has BCG attenuated to impotence? Nature 389:133\u2013134","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"4441_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(98)00277-1","volume":"17","author":"MA Behr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Behr MA, Small PM (1999) A historical and molecular phylogeny of BCG strains. Vaccine 17:915\u2013922","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"4441_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5419.1520","volume":"284","author":"MA Behr","year":"1999","unstructured":"Behr MA, Wilson MA, Gill WP, Salamon H, Schoolnik GK, Rane S, Small PM (1999) Comparative genomics of BCG vaccines by whole-genome DNA microarray. Science 284:1520\u20131523","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4441_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2008.00118.x","volume":"32","author":"N Ritz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ritz N, Hanekom WA, Robins-Browne R, Britton WJ, Curtis N (2008) Influence of BCG vaccine strain on the immune response and protection against tuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 32:821\u2013841","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"4441_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5317.1420","volume":"276","author":"JT Belisle","year":"1997","unstructured":"Belisle JT, Vissa VD, Sievert T, Takayama K, Brennan PJ, Besra GS (1997) Role of the major antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cell wall biogenesis. Science 276:1420\u20131422","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4441_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26226-0","volume":"149","author":"J Indrigo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Indrigo J, Hunter RL, Actor JK (2003) Cord factor trehalose \u03b1,\u03b1\u2032-dimycolate (TDM) mediates trafficking events during mycobacterial infection of murine macrophages. Microbiology 149:2049\u20132059","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"4441_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.7.3199-3206.1999","volume":"67","author":"MS Gomes","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gomes MS, Paul S, Moreira AL, Appelberg R, Rabinovitch M, Kaplan G (1999) Survival of Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in acidified vacuoles of murine macrophages. Infect Immun 67:3199\u20133206","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"4441_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3038","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.64.8.3038-3047.1996","volume":"64","author":"G Harth","year":"1996","unstructured":"Harth G, Lee BY, Wang J, Clemens DL, Horwitz MA (1996) Novel insights into the genetics, biochemistry, and immunocytochemistry of the 30-kilodalton major extracellular protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 64:3038\u20133047","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"4441_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.298687","volume":"287","author":"CJ Kuo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kuo CJ, Bell H, Hsieh CL, Ptak CP, Chang YF (2012) Novel mycobacteria antigen 85 complex binding motif on fibronectin. J Biol Chem 287:1892\u20131902","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4441_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxg115","volume":"15","author":"A Kariyone","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kariyone A, Tamura T, Kano H, Iwakura Y, Takeda K, Akira S et al (2003) Immunogenicity of peptide-25 of Ag85B in Th1 development: role of IFN-\u03b3. Int Immunol 15:1183\u20131194","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"4441_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2007.00884.x","volume":"9","author":"C Palma","year":"2007","unstructured":"Palma C, Iona E, Giannoni F, Pardini M, Brunori L, Orefici G et al (2007) The Ag85B protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis may turn a protective immune response induced by Ag85B-DNA vaccine into a potent but non-protective Th1 immune response in mice. Cell Microbiol 9:1455\u20131465","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"4441_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.5.1530","volume":"92","author":"MA Horwitz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Horwitz MA, Lee BW, Dillon BJ, Harth G (1995) Protective immunity against tuberculosis induced by vaccination with major extracellular proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:1530\u20131534","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4441_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13853","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.250480397","volume":"97","author":"MA Horwitz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Horwitz MA, Harth G, Dillon BJ, Maslesa-Galic S (2000) Recombinant Bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG) vaccines expressing the Mycobacterium tuberculosis 30-kDa major secretory protein induces greater protective immunity against tuberculosis than conventional BCG vaccines in a highly susceptible animal model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:13853\u201313858","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"4441_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600732","volume":"24","author":"PS Renshaw","year":"2005","unstructured":"Renshaw PS, Lightbody KL, Veverka V, Muskett FW, Kelly G, Frenkiel TA et al (2005) Structure and function of the complex formed by the tuberculosis virulence factors CFP-10 and ESAT-6. EMBO J 24:2491\u20132498","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"4441_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.1.214-220.2000","volume":"68","author":"RL Skj\u00f8t","year":"2000","unstructured":"Skj\u00f8t RL, Oettinger T, Rosenkrands I, Ravn P, Brock I, Jacobsen S, Andersen P (2000) Comparative evaluation of low-molecular-mass proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies members of the ESAT-6 family as immunodominant T-cell antigens. Infect Immun 68:214\u2013220","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"4441_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1126\/science.268.5217.1555","volume":"268","author":"E Marshall","year":"1995","unstructured":"Marshall E (1995) Cancer trial of interleukin-12 halted. Science 268:1555","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4441_CR37","first-page":"353","volume":"19","author":"JA Gollob","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gollob JA, Mier JW, Atkin MB (2001) Clinical use of systemic IL-12 therapy. Cancer Chemother Biol Response Modif 19:353\u2013369","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother Biol Response Modif"},{"key":"4441_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2009.159","volume":"17","author":"K Anwer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anwer K, Barnes MN, Fewell J, Lewis DH, Alvarez RD (2010) Phase I clinical trial of IL-12 plasmid\/lipopolymer complexes for the treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer. Gene Ther 17:360\u2013369","journal-title":"Gene Ther"},{"key":"4441_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-14-2085","volume":"21","author":"L Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang L, Morgan RA, Beane JD, Zheng Z, Dudley ME, Kassim SH et al (2015) Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes genetically engineered with an inducible gene encoding interleukin-12 for the immunotherapy of metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 21:2278\u20132288","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"4441_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19102999","volume":"19","author":"H Fukushima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fukushima H, Takemura K, Suzuki H, Koga F (2018) Impact of sarcopenia as a prognostic biomarker of bladder cancer. Int J Mol Sci 19:2999","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"4441_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euros.2023.02.001","volume":"50","author":"F Soria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soria F, D\u2019Andrea D, Barale M, Gust KM, Pisano F, Mazzoli S et al (2023) Sarcopenia predicts disease progression in patients with T1 high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with adjuvant intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin: implications for decision-making? Eur Urol Open Sci 50:17\u201323","journal-title":"Eur Urol Open Sci"},{"key":"4441_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.21873\/cdp.10351","volume":"4","author":"Y Mimura","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mimura Y, Naiki T, Sugiyama Y, Tasaki Y, Odagiri K, Etani T et al (2024) Cachexia index is a prognostic indicator in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma treated with systemic chemotherapy. Cancer Diagn Progn 4:475\u2013481","journal-title":"Cancer Diagn Progn"},{"key":"4441_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.07.039","volume":"7","author":"S Pandol","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pandol S, Edderkaoui M, Gukovsky I, Lugea A, Gukovskaya A (2009) Desmoplasia of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7:S44-47","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4441_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2015.01.002","volume":"2","author":"D Xie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xie D, Xie K (2015) Pancreatic cancer stromal biology and therapy. Genes Dis 2:133\u2013143","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"4441_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576399","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.576399","volume":"10","author":"B Jiang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jiang B, Zhou L, Lu J, Wang Y, Liu C, You L et al (2020) Stroma-targeting therapy in pancreatic cancer: one coin with two sides? Front Oncol 10:576399","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"4441_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3486","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.27745","volume":"11","author":"ND Ebelt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ebelt ND, Zamloot V, Manuel ER (2020) Targeting desmoplasia in pancreatic cancer as an essential first step to effective therapy. Oncotarget 11:3486\u20133488","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"4441_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9720947","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/9720947","volume":"2023","author":"G Isola","year":"2023","unstructured":"Isola G, Santonocito S, Lupi SM, Polizzi A, Sclafani R, Patini R, Marchetti E (2023) Periodontal health and disease in the context of systemic diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2023:9720947","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"issue":"2","key":"4441_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21200038","DOI":"10.14440\/bladder.2024.0066","volume":"12","author":"A Gomati","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gomati A, Teggaz M, Allam M, Mahmalji W (2025) Hyaluronic acid as a treatment for refractory Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin-induced cystitis: a narrative review. Bladder 12(2):e21200038","journal-title":"Bladder"}],"container-title":["Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04441-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04441-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04441-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T01:04:53Z","timestamp":1785978293000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04441-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-026-04441-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1432-0851"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1432-0851","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"202"}}