{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:24:17Z","timestamp":1787837057047,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Orthopaedics (SICOT)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Continuous passive motion (CPM) is a frequently used method in the early post-operative rehabilitation of patients after knee surgery. In this study, the effectiveness of the CPM method was evaluated after primary total knee arthroplasty during an early recovery period.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Eighty patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were assigned into two groups. The experimental group received CPM and active exercises, while the control group active exercises only. All subjects were evaluated once before the surgery and at a discharge, in terms of mean active range of motion (AROM), mean Knee Society Score (KSS), and Western Ontario and MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The mean AROM for the experimental group was 82.3\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200914.3\u00b0 and 76.1\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200922.2\u00b0 for the control. The mean KSS score was 136.4\u2009\u00b1\u200919.3 points for the experimental group, and 135.7\u2009\u00b1\u200915.1 for the control. There were no statistical differences between the two groups. The KSS functional score was 66.4\u2009\u00b1\u20098.1 points for the experimental group compared to 62.2\u2009\u00b1\u20097.3 points for the control, but there was a statistically significant difference between the groups at discharge from the hospital (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009). A subjective estimation of the pain level, joint stiffness and function also showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups (38.6\u2009\u00b1\u200914.3 points for the CPM group and 21.2\u2009\u00b1\u200915.7 for the control).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>These findings show that there is no significant effect of CPM in terms of improving clinical measurements. However, there was a significant beneficial effect on the subjective assessment of pain level, joint stiffness, and functional ability.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-021-05245-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T06:03:11Z","timestamp":1634796191000},"page":"549-553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effect of continuous passive motion on the early recovery outcomes after total knee arthroplasty"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1818-5288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Richter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Trzeciak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"5245_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200406000-00030","volume":"86","author":"EA Rankin","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rankin EA, Alarc\u00f2n GS, Chang RW, Cooney LM Jr, Costley LS, Delitto A, Deyo RA, Donaldson SK, Hochberg MC, MacLean CH, Yelin EH, Marciel K (2004) NIH Consensus statement on total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86:1328\u20131335","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"5245_CR2","first-page":"179","volume":"37","author":"SW O\u2019Driscoll","year":"2000","unstructured":"O\u2019Driscoll SW, Giori NJ (2000) Continuous passive motion (CPM): theory and principles of clinical application. J Rehabil Res Dev 37(2):179\u2013188","journal-title":"J Rehabil Res Dev"},{"key":"5245_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198062080-00002","volume":"62","author":"RB Salter","year":"1980","unstructured":"Salter RB, Simmonds DF, Malcolm BW, Rumble EJ, MacMichael D, Clements ND (1980) The biological effect of continuous passive motion on the healing of full-thickness defects in articular cartilage. An experimental investigation in the rabbit. J Bone Joint Surg Am 62:1232\u20131251","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"5245_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/81.4.1029","volume":"81","author":"LA Beaupr\u00e9","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beaupr\u00e9 LA, Davies DM, Jones CA, Cinats JG (2001) Exercise combined with continuous passive motion or slider board therapy compared with exercise only: a randomized controlled trial of patients following total knee arthroplasty. Phys Ther 81(4):1029\u20131037","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"5245_CR5","first-page":"421","volume":"79","author":"B Chen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Chen B, Zimmerman JR, Soulen L, DeLisa JA (2000) Continuous passive motion after total knee arthroplasty: a prospective study. Phys Ther 79:421\u2013426","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"5245_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1054\/arth.2001.21453","volume":"16","author":"SK Lau","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lau SK, Chiu KY (2001) Use of continuous passive motion after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 16(3):336\u2013339","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"5245_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200011000-00005","volume":"380","author":"SJ MacDonald","year":"2000","unstructured":"MacDonald SJ, Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH, McCalden RW, Kramer J, Vaz M (2000) Prospective randomized clinical trial of continuous passive motion after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 380:30\u201335","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5245_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3109\/17453679608995599","volume":"67","author":"F Montgomery","year":"1996","unstructured":"Montgomery F, Eliasson M (1996) Continuous passive motion compared to active physical therapy after knee arthroplasty: similar hospitalization times in a randomized study of 68 patients. Acta Orthop Scand 67(1):7\u20139","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"5245_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199072030-00016","volume":"72","author":"DP Johnson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Johnson DP (1990) The effect of continuous passive motion on wound healing and joint mobility after knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 72(3):421\u2013426","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"5245_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2013.12.005","volume":"29","author":"CK Boese","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boese CK, Weis M, Phillips T, Lawton-Peters S, Gallo T, Centeno L (2014) The efficacy of continuous passive motion after total knee arthroplasty: a comparison of three protocols. J Arthroplasty 29(6):1158\u20131162","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"11","key":"5245_CR11","first-page":"2251","volume":"31","author":"L Brosseau","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brosseau L, Milne S, Wells G, Tugwell P, Robinson V, Casimiro L, Pelland L, Noel MJ, Davis J, Drouin H (2004) Efficacy of continuous passive motion following total knee arthroplasty: a metanalysis. J Rheumatol 31(11):2251\u20132264","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"5245_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.03.012","volume":"95","author":"JA Herbold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herbold JA, Bonistall K, Blackburn M, Agolli J, Gaston S, Gross C, Kuta A, Babyar S (2014) Randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of continuous passive motion after total knee replacement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 95:1240\u20131245","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"5245_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/09638280801931204","volume":"31","author":"V Brunn-Olsen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Brunn-Olsen V, Heiberg K, Mengshoel AM (2009) Continuous passive motion as an adjunct to active exercises in early rehabilitation following total knee arthroplasty \u2013 a randomized controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil 31(4):277\u2013283","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"key":"5245_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2015.06.006","volume":"30","author":"RN Joshi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Joshi RN, White PB, Murray \u2013 Weir M, Alexiades MM, Sculco TP, Ranawat AS, (2015) Prospective randomized trial of the efficacy of continuous passive motion post total knee arthroplasty: experience of the Hospital for Special Surgery. J Arthroplasty 30:2364\u20132369","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"5","key":"5245_CR15","first-page":"497","volume":"49","author":"S Bakirhan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bakirhan S, \u00dcnver B, Karatosun V (2015) Effects of two different continuous passive motion protocols on the functional activities of total knee arthroplasty inpatients. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 49(5):497\u2013450","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc"},{"key":"5245_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3754-x","volume":"24","author":"CD Liao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liao CD, Huang YC, Lin LF, Chiu YS, Tsai JC, Chen CL, Liou TH (2016) Continuous passive motion and its effects on knee flexion after total knee arthroplasty in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 24:2578\u20132586","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"5245_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1549024","volume":"28","author":"S Werner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Werner S, Jacofsky M, Kocisky S, Jacofsky D (2015) A standarized protocol for the treatment of early postoperative stiffness following total knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg 28:425\u2013427","journal-title":"J Knee Surg"}],"container-title":["International Orthopaedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00264-021-05245-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00264-021-05245-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00264-021-05245-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T03:59:08Z","timestamp":1653364748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00264-021-05245-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["5245"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-021-05245-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0341-2695","1432-5195"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0341-2695","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-5195","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Bioethics Committee of Poznan University of Medical Sciences approved the study. All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008. Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}