{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T01:54:41Z","timestamp":1785376481604,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Orthopaedics (SICOT)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-023-05904-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T04:01:20Z","timestamp":1690430480000},"page":"2953-2960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The use of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head (AVNFH): a retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Hazem M.","family":"Alkhawashki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad A.","family":"Al-Boukai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Al-Harbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7150-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Al-Rumaih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad H.","family":"Al-Khawashki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"22","key":"5904_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199205283262206","volume":"326","author":"HJ Mankin","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mankin HJ (1992) Nontraumatic necrosis of bone (osteonecrosis). N Engl J Med 326(22):1473\u20131479","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5904_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.4.180036","volume":"4","author":"D Petek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Petek D, Hannouche D, Suva D (2019) Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: pathophysiology and current concepts of treatment. EFORT Open Rev 4(3):85","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev"},{"key":"5904_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-003-0630-9","volume":"124","author":"I Dudkiewicz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dudkiewicz I, Covo A, Salai M, Israeli A, Amit Y, Chechik A (2004) Total hip arthroplasty after avascular necrosis of the femoral head: does etiology affect the results? Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 124:82\u201385","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"5904_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-008-0812-6","volume":"129","author":"JM Chen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chen JM, Hsu SL, Wong T, Chou WY, Wang CJ, Wang FS (2009) Functional outcomes of bilateral hip necrosis: total hip arthroplasty versus extracorporeal shockwave. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 129:837\u2013841","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"5904_CR5","first-page":"3","volume":"67","author":"F Rp","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rp F (1985) Idiopathic bone necrosis of the femoral head. Early diagnosis and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg (Br) 67(1):3\u20139","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg (Br)"},{"key":"5904_CR6","first-page":"79","volume":"5","author":"JW Gardniers","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gardniers JW (1993) ARCO committee on terminology and staging (report on the committee meeting at Santiago de Compostela). ARCO Newsletter 5:79\u201382","journal-title":"ARCO Newsletter"},{"issue":"1","key":"5904_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.77B1.7822393","volume":"77","author":"ME Steinberg","year":"1995","unstructured":"Steinberg ME, Hayken GD, Steinberg DR (1995) A quantitative system for staging avascular necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 77(1):34\u201341","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"9","key":"5904_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200509000-00015","volume":"87","author":"SY Kim","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kim SY, Kim YG, Kim PT, Ihn JC, Cho BC, Koo KH (2005) Vascularized compared with nonvascularized fibular grafts for large osteonecrotic lesions of the femoral head. JBJS 87(9):2012\u20132018","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"issue":"6","key":"5904_CR9","first-page":"481","volume":"35","author":"CJ Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang CJ, Huang CC, Wang JW, Wong T, Yang YJ (2012) Long-term results of extracorporeal shockwave therapy and core decompression in osteonecrosis of the femoral head with eight-to nine-year follow-up. Biom J 35(6):481\u2013485","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"5904_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-007-0530-5","volume":"128","author":"CJ Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang CJ, Wang FS, Yang KD, Huang CC, Lee MSS, Chan YS et al (2008) Treatment of osteonecrosis of the hip: comparison of extracorporeal shockwave with shockwave and alendronate. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 128:901\u2013908","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"5904_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-009-0918-5","volume":"130","author":"SL Hsu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hsu SL, Wang CJ, Lee MSS, Chan YS, Huang CC, Yang KD (2010) Cocktail therapy for femoral head necrosis of the hip. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 130:23\u201329","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"5904_CR12","first-page":"2380","volume":"87","author":"CJ Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang CJ, Wang FS, Huang CC, Yang KD, Weng LH, Huang HY (2005) Treatment for osteonecrosis of the femoral head: comparison of extracorporeal shock waves with core decompression and bone-grafting. JBJS 87(11):2380\u20132387","journal-title":"JBJS"},{"issue":"6","key":"5904_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2005.11.004","volume":"21","author":"PC Lin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lin PC, Wang CJ, Yang KD, Wang FS, Ko JY, Huang CC (2006) Extracorporeal shockwave treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in systemic lupus erythematosis. J Arthroplast 21(6):911\u2013915","journal-title":"J Arthroplast"},{"issue":"11","key":"5904_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.06.035","volume":"46","author":"HM Alkhawashki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alkhawashki HM (2015) Shock wave therapy of fracture nonunion. Injury 46(11):2248\u20132252","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"387","key":"5904_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200106000-00003","volume":"1976-2007","author":"JA Ogden","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ogden JA, T\u00f3th-Kischkat A, Schultheiss R (2001) Principles of shock wave therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1976-2007(387):8\u201317","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5904_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-7-11","volume":"7","author":"CJ Wang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang CJ (2012) Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in musculoskeletal disorders. J Orthop Surg Res 7(1):1\u20138","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"5904_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-009-1231-y","volume":"28","author":"EM Alves","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alves EM, Angrisani AT, Santiago MB (2009) The use of extracorporeal shock waves in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol 28:1247\u20131251","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"5904_CR18","first-page":"59","volume":"261","author":"M Cabanela","year":"1976","unstructured":"Cabanela M (1976-2007) E. (1990). Bipolar versus total hip arthroplasty for avascular necrosis of the femoral head. A comparison. Clin Orthop Relat Res 261:59\u201362","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"5904_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203309103151","volume":"18","author":"CJ Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang CJ, Ko JY, Chan YS, Lee MS, Chen JM, Wang FS et al (2009) Extracorporeal shockwave for hip necrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 18(12):1082\u20131086","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"issue":"4","key":"5904_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ken020","volume":"47","author":"CJ Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang CJ, Wang FS, Ko JY, Huang HY, Chen CJ, Sun YC, Yang YJ (2008) Extracorporeal shockwave therapy shows regeneration in hip necrosis. Rheumatology 47(4):542\u2013546","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"5904_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670710014833","volume":"79","author":"HZ Ma","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ma HZ, Zeng BF, Li XL, Chai YM (2008) Temporal and spatial expression of BMP-2 in sub-chondral bone of necrotic femoral heads in rabbits by use of extracorporeal shock waves. Acta Orthop 79(1):98\u2013105","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"5904_CR22","first-page":"367","volume":"34","author":"TC Yin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yin TC, Wang CJ, Yang KD, Wang FS, Sun YC (2011) Shockwaves enhance the osteogenetic gene expression in marrow stromal cells from hips with osteonecrosis. Chang Gung Med J 34(4):367\u2013374","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med J"},{"issue":"1_suppl","key":"5904_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-7681(96)80259-2","volume":"21","author":"S Russo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Russo S, Lanza F, Passaretti U, Corrado EM (1996) Diagnosis and early treatment of aseptic bone necrosis with high energy shock waves: preliminary notes. J Hand Surg 21(1_suppl):15\u201315","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"5904_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/468090","volume":"2015","author":"F Gao","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gao F, Sun W, Li Z, Guo W, Wang W, Cheng L, Wang B (2015) High-energy extracorporeal shock wave for early stage osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a single-center case series. Evid-based Complement Altern Med 2015:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2015\/468090","journal-title":"Evid-based Complement Altern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5904_CR25","first-page":"12","volume":"23","author":"FR Kong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kong FR, Liang YJ, Qin SG, Li JJ, Li XL (2010) Clinical application of extracorporeal shock wave to repair and reconstruct osseous tissue framework in the treatment of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH). Zhongguo gu Shang= China. J Orthop Traumatol 23(1):12\u201315","journal-title":"J Orthop Traumatol"},{"key":"5904_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Liu L, Sun W, Gao F, Cheng L, Li Z (2017) Extracorporeal shockwave therapy in osteonecrosis of femoral head: a systematic review of now available clinical evidences. Medicine 96(4)","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005897"},{"key":"5904_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.06.080","volume":"24","author":"CJ Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang CJ, Cheng JH, Huang CC, Yip HK, Russo S (2015) Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for avascular necrosis of femoral head. Int J Surg 24:184\u2013187","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"5904_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-023-05788-9","volume":"47","author":"P Hernigou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hernigou P, Verrier S, Homma Y, Rouard H, Lachaniette CHF, Sunil Kumar KH (2023) Prognosis of hip osteonecrosis after cell therapy with a calculator and artificial intelligence: ten year collapse-free survival prediction on three thousand and twenty one hips. Int Orthop 47(7):1689\u20131705","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"6","key":"5904_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-023-05792-z","volume":"47","author":"Z Hong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hong Z, Zhang Y, Chen J, Bi Q (2023) Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction injection following core decompression and biochemistry artificial bone graft implantation in osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Int Orthop 47(6):1481\u20131486","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"1","key":"5904_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-022-05569-w","volume":"47","author":"Y Osawa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osawa Y, Takegami Y, Kato D, Okamoto M, Iida H, Imagama S (2023) Hip function in patients undergoing conservative treatment for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Int Orthop 47(1):89\u201394","journal-title":"Int Orthop"}],"container-title":["International Orthopaedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00264-023-05904-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00264-023-05904-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00264-023-05904-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,24]],"date-time":"2023-11-24T06:03:20Z","timestamp":1700805800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00264-023-05904-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-023-05904-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0341-2695","1432-5195"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0341-2695","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-5195","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"An Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval was obtained from the primary institute. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients for publication. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in-Chief of this journal on request. The authors certify that all appropriate patient consent forms were obtained. The patients understand that their names and initials will not be published, and all efforts will be made to conceal their identity, but anonymity cannot be guaranteed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}