{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T19:18:31Z","timestamp":1782933511224,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Orthopaedics (SICOT)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-025-06453-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T07:45:59Z","timestamp":1739778359000},"page":"827-834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A narrative review of nerve compression syndromes in overhead throwing athletes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Frantzeska","family":"Zampeli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodorakys","family":"Mar\u00edn Ferm\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Hagert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"6453_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738108331199","volume":"1","author":"ST Seroyer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Seroyer ST, Nho SJ, Bach BR Jr, Bush-Joseph CA, Nicholson GP, Romeo AA (2009) Shoulder pain in the overhead throwing athlete. Sports Health 1(2):108\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1941738108331199PMID: 23015861; PMCID: PMC3445067","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"6453_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1993.18.2.402","volume":"18","author":"CJ Dillman","year":"1993","unstructured":"Dillman CJ, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR (1993) Biomechanics of pitching with emphasis upon shoulder kinematics. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 18:402\u2013408","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"6453_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(03)00389-X","volume":"19","author":"SS Burkhart","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burkhart SS, Morgan CD, Kibler WB (2003) The disabled throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology. Part III: the SICK scapula, scapular dyskinesis, the kinetic chain, and rehabilitation. Arthroscopy 19:641\u2013661","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"6453_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1177\/03635465980260022801","volume":"26","author":"WB Kibler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Kibler WB (1998) The role of the scapula in athletic shoulder function. Am J Sports Med 26:325\u2013337","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"6453_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504268138","volume":"33","author":"JB Myers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Myers JB, Laudner KG, Pasquale MR, Bradley JP, Lephart SM (2005) Scapular position and orientation in throwing athletes. Am J Sports Med 33:263\u2013271","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"6453_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(83)80056-2","volume":"8","author":"BR Cahill","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cahill BR, Palmer RE (1983) Quadrilateral space syndrome. J Hand Surg Am 8:65\u201369","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"6453_CR7","first-page":"28","volume":"13","author":"F Zampeli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zampeli F, Marin Fermin T, Hagert E (2024) Throwing athletes and the role of nerves in shoulder pain. Aspetar Sports Med J 13:28\u201336","journal-title":"Aspetar Sports Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"6453_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.12.012","volume":"90","author":"SA Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown SA, Doolittle DA, Bohanon CJ, Jayaraj A, Naidu SG, Huettl EA, Renfree KJ, Oderich GS, Bjarnason H, Gloviczki P, Wysokinski WE, McPhail IR (2015) Quadrilateral space syndrome: the Mayo Clinic experience with a new classification system and case series. Mayo Clin Proc 90(3):382\u2013394 Epub 2015 Jan 31. PMID: 25649966","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"6453_CR9","first-page":"718","volume":"28","author":"B Lester","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lester B, Jeong GK, Weiland AJ, Wickiewicz TL (1999) Quadrilateral space syndrome: diagnosis, pathology, and treatment. Am J Orthop 28:718\u2013722","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"6453_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199105000-00016","volume":"87","author":"TJ Francel","year":"1991","unstructured":"Francel TJ, Dellon AL, Campbell JN (1991) Quadrilateral space syndrome: diagnosis and operative decompression technique. Plast Reconstr Surg 87:911\u2013916","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"6453_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hagert E, Hagert CG (2014) Upper extremity nerve entrapments: the axillary and radial nerves\u2013clinical diagnosis and surgical treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 134(1):71\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000259. PMID: 24622568","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000259"},{"key":"6453_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hangge PT, Breen I, Albadawi H, Knuttinen MG, Naidu SG, Oklu R (2018) Quadrilateral Space Syndrome: Diagnosis and Clinical Management. J Clin Med 21;7(4):86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7040086. PMID: 29690525; PMCID: PMC5920460","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7040086"},{"key":"6453_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e714","DOI":"10.3928\/01477447-20170117-06","volume":"40","author":"R Koga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koga R, Furushima K, Kusano H, Hamada J, Itoh Y (2017) Quadrilateral space syndrome with involvement of the tendon of the latissimus dorsi. Orthopedics 40:e714\u2013e716","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"issue":"2","key":"6453_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22619","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.22619","volume":"14","author":"S Charmode","year":"2022","unstructured":"Charmode S, Mehra S, Kushwaha S (2022) Revisiting the Surgical approaches to Decompression in Quadrilateral Space Syndrome: a cadaveric study. Cureus 14(2):e22619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.22619PMID: 35371758; PMCID: PMC8958867","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"6453_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Safran MR (2004) Nerve injury about the shoulder in athletes, part 1: suprascapular nerve and axillary nerve. Am J Sports Med 32(3):803\u2013\u200919. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546504264582. PMID: 15090401","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504264582"},{"key":"6453_CR16","unstructured":"Nuber GW, McCarthy WJ (1996) Neurovascular disorders: clinical assessment and treatment. In: Jobe FW, ed: Operative Techniques in Upper Extremity Sports Injuries. St Louis, Mo, Mosby, 1996:373\u2013387"},{"key":"6453_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-197910000-00007","volume":"5","author":"SS Rengachary","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rengachary SS, Burr D, Lucas S, Hassanein KM, Mohn MP, Matzke H (1979) Suprascapular entrapment neuropathy: a clinical, anatomical and comparative study. Part 2: anatomical study. J Neurosurg 5:447\u2013451","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6453_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-197910000-00006","volume":"5","author":"SS Rengachary","year":"1979","unstructured":"Rengachary SS, Neff JP, Singer PA, Brackett CE (1979) Suprascapular entrapment neuropathy: a clinical, anatomical and comparative study, part 1: clinical study. J Neurosurg 5:441\u2013445","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"6453_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274010-00006","volume":"74","author":"JJP Warner","year":"1992","unstructured":"Warner JJP, Krushell RJ, Masquelet A, Gerber C (1992) Anatomy and relationships of the suprascapular nerve: anatomical constraints to mobilization of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles in the management of massive rotator cuff tears. J Bone Joint Surg Am 74:36\u201345","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"6453_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(98)90051-9","volume":"7","author":"M Demirhan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Demirhan M, Imhoff AB, Debski RE, Patel PR, Fu FH (1998) The spinoglenoid ligament and its relationship to the suprascapular nerve. J Shoulder Elb Surg 7:238\u2013243","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elb Surg"},{"key":"6453_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(98)90205-1","volume":"7","author":"MJ Sandow","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sandow MJ, Ilic J (1998) Suprascapular nerve rotator cuff compression syndrome in volleyball players. J Shoulder Elb Surg 7:516\u2013521","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elb Surg"},{"key":"6453_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198769020-00014","volume":"69","author":"A Ferretti","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ferretti A, Cerullo G, Russo G (1987) Suprascapular neuropathy in volleyball players. J Bone Joint Surg Am 69:260\u2013263","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"6453_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Aval SM, Durand P Jr, Shankwiler JA (2007) Neurovascular injuries to the athlete\u2019s shoulder: part II. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 15(5):281-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/00124635-200705000-00006. PMID: 17478751","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-200705000-00006"},{"key":"6453_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ringel SP, Treihaft M, Carry M, Fisher R, Jacobs P (1990) Suprascapular neuropathy in pitchers. Am J Sports Med 18(1):80\u2013\u20096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/036354659001800113. PMID: 2154138","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659001800113"},{"key":"6453_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.28.3.177","volume":"28","author":"M Holzgraefe","year":"1994","unstructured":"Holzgraefe M, Kukowski B, Eggert S (1994) Prevalence of latent and manifest suprascapular neuropathy in high-performance volleyball players. Br J Sports Med 28:177\u2013179","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"6453_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martin SD, Warren RF, Martin TL, Kennedy K, O\u2019Brien SJ, Wickiewicz TL (1997) Suprascapular neuropathy. Results of non-operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am 79(8):1159-65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/00004623-199708000-00007. PMID: 9278075","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199708000-00007"},{"issue":"4","key":"6453_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s12178-020-09643-x","volume":"13","author":"JW Ohman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ohman JW, Thompson RW (2020) Thoracic outlet syndrome in the overhead Athlete: diagnosis and treatment recommendations. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 13(4):457\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12178-020-09643-xPMID: 32514995; PMCID: PMC7340704","journal-title":"Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med"},{"key":"6453_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Safran MR (2004) Nerve injury about the shoulder in athletes, part 2: long thoracic nerve, spinal accessory nerve, burners\/stingers, thoracic outlet syndrome. Am J Sports Med 32(4):1063-76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0363546504265193. PMID: 15150060","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546504265193"},{"key":"6453_CR29","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Baseball sports Medicine","author":"RW Thompson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thompson RW (2019) Thoracic outlet syndrome and neurovascular conditions of the shoulder in baseball players. In: Ahmad (ed) Baseball sports Medicine. Wolters Kluwer Health, Philadelphia, pp 269\u2013283"},{"issue":"2","key":"6453_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.03.419","volume":"66","author":"J Balderman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Balderman J, Holzem K, Field BJ, Bottros MM, Abuirqeba AA, Vemuri C et al (2017) Associations between clinical diagnostic criteria and pretreatment patient-reported outcomes measures in a prospective observational cohort of patients with neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. J Vasc Surg 66(2):533\u2013544","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6453_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2016.05.103","volume":"39","author":"RW Thompson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thompson RW, Dawkins C, Vemuri C, Mulholland MW, Hadzinsky TD, McLaughlin LN et al (2017) Performance metrics in professional baseball pitchers before and after surgical treatment for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg 39(1):216\u2013227","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"17","key":"6453_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-093002","volume":"47","author":"H Twaij","year":"2013","unstructured":"Twaij H, Rolls A, SinisiM,Weiler R (2013) Thoracic outlet syndromes in sport: a practical review in the face of limited evidence\u2013unusual pain presentation in an athlete. Br J Sports Med 47(17):1080\u20131084","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"6453_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0712(03)00092-1","volume":"20","author":"MA Wehb\u00e9","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wehb\u00e9 MA, Leinberry CF (2004) Current trends in treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome. Hand Clin 20:119\u2013121","journal-title":"Hand Clin"},{"key":"6453_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(97)90228-8","volume":"78","author":"KA Lindgren","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lindgren KA (1997) Conservative treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome: a 2-year follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78:373\u2013378","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"6453_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(05)80264-3","volume":"20","author":"CB Novak","year":"1995","unstructured":"Novak CB, Collins ED, Mackinnon SE (1995) Outcome following conservative management of thoracic outlet syndrome. J Hand Surg Am 20:542\u2013548","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"6453_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2014.04.013","volume":"60","author":"V Chandra","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chandra V, Little C, Lee JT (2014) Thoracic outlet syndrome in high performance athletes. J Vasc Surg 60(4):1012\u20131017","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"6453_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197961060-00004","volume":"61","author":"JR Gregg","year":"1979","unstructured":"Gregg JR, Labosky D, Harty M et al (1979) Serratus anterior paralysis in the young athlete. J Bone Joint Surg Am 61:825\u2013832","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"6453_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-198365040-00020","volume":"65","author":"CL Foo","year":"1983","unstructured":"Foo CL, Swann M (1983) Isolated paralysis of the serratus anterior: report of 20 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br 65:552\u2013556","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"6453_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03372-0","volume":"73","author":"CB Novak","year":"2002","unstructured":"Novak CB, Mackinnon SE (2002) Surgical treatment of a long thoracic nerve palsy. Ann Thorac Surg 73:1643\u20131645","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"key":"6453_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199708000-00021","volume":"341","author":"PM Connor","year":"1997","unstructured":"Connor PM, Yamaguchi K, Manifold SG, Pollock RG, Flatow EL, Bigliani LU (1997) Split Pectoralis major transfer for serratus anterior palsy. Clin Orthop Relat Res 341:134\u2013142","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"6453_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1058-2746(10)80001-1","volume":"4","author":"M Post","year":"1995","unstructured":"Post M (1995) Pectoralis major transfer for winging of the scapula. J Shoulder Elb Surg 4:1\u20139","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elb Surg"}],"container-title":["International Orthopaedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00264-025-06453-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00264-025-06453-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00264-025-06453-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T17:04:45Z","timestamp":1744218285000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00264-025-06453-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["6453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-025-06453-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0341-2695","1432-5195"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0341-2695","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-5195","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics statement (Human ethics and consent to participate)"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}