{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:27:11Z","timestamp":1793172431973,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Orthopaedics (SICOT)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-025-06608-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]],"date-time":"2025-07-12T01:59:09Z","timestamp":1752285549000},"page":"2047-2054","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Predictors of clinical outcomes in necrotizing fasciitis: a ten year study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"family":"Jegathesan T","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean Wei Loong","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherlyn Yen Yu","family":"Tham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle Lay Teng","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"6608_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068-008-8074-0","volume":"34","author":"J Frank","year":"2008","unstructured":"Frank J, Barker JH, Marzi I (2008) Necrotizing fasciitis of the extremities. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 34(3):229\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00068-008-8074-0","journal-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"8","key":"6608_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1067\/j.cpsurg.2014.06.001","volume":"51","author":"TW Hakkarainen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hakkarainen TW, Kopari NM, Pham TN, Evans HL (2014) Necrotizing soft tissue infections: review and current concepts in treatment, systems of care, and outcomes. Curr Probl Surg 51(8):344\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/j.cpsurg.2014.06.001","journal-title":"Curr Probl Surg"},{"key":"6608_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Angoules AG, Kontakis G, Drakoulakis E, Vrentzos G, Granick MS, Giannoudis PV (2007) Necrotising fasciitis of upper and lower limb: a systematic review. Injury 38 Suppl 5S19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.injury.2007.10.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2007.10.030"},{"key":"6608_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/rmhp.S77691","volume":"8","author":"P Khamnuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khamnuan P, Chongruksut W, Jearwattanakanok K, Patumanond J, Yodluangfun S, Tantraworasin A (2015) Necrotizing fasciitis: risk factors of mortality. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 8:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/rmhp.S77691","journal-title":"Risk Manag Healthc Policy"},{"issue":"5","key":"6608_CR5","first-page":"397","volume":"64","author":"BD Bilton","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bilton BD, Zibari GB, McMillan RW, Aultman DF, Dunn G, McDonald JC (1998) Aggressive surgical management of necrotizing fasciitis serves to decrease mortality: a retrospective study. Am Surg 64(5):397\u2013400 discussion 400\u2013\u2009391","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"6608_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800800943","volume":"80","author":"D Voros","year":"1993","unstructured":"Voros D, Pissiotis C, Georgantas D, Katsaragakis S, Antoniou S, Papadimitriou J (1993) Role of early and extensive surgery in the treatment of severe necrotizing soft tissue infection. Br J Surg 80(9):1190\u20131191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.1800800943","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"6608_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/1534734615606534","volume":"14","author":"E Iacopi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iacopi E, Coppelli A, Goretti C, Piaggesi A (2015) Necrotizing fasciitis and the diabetic foot. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 14(4):316\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1534734615606534","journal-title":"Int J Low Extrem Wounds"},{"issue":"3","key":"6608_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318232a6b3","volume":"72","author":"L Lancerotto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lancerotto L, Tocco I, Salmaso R, Vindigni V, Bassetto F (2012) Necrotizing fasciitis: classification, diagnosis, and management. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 72(3):560\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e318232a6b3","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"6608_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002774","volume":"269","author":"SM Fernando","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernando SM, Tran A, Cheng W, Rochwerg B, Kyeremanteng K, Seely AJE, Inaba K, Perry JJ (2019) Necrotizing soft tissue infection: diagnostic accuracy of physical examination, imaging, and LRINEC score: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Surg 269(1):58\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002774","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"6608_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000129486.35458.7d","volume":"32","author":"CH Wong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wong CH, Khin LW, Heng KS, Tan KC, Low CO (2004) The LRINEC (Laboratory risk Indicator for necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Crit Care Med 32(7):1535\u20131541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ccm.0000129486.35458.7d","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6608_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2021.09.015","volume":"61","author":"A Tarricone","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tarricone A, Mata K, Gee A, Axman W, Buricea C, Mandato MG, Trepal M, Krishnan P (2022) A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of the effectiveness of LRINEC score for predicting upper and lower extremity necrotizing fasciitis. J Foot Ankle Surg 61(2):384\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.jfas.2021.09.015","journal-title":"J Foot Ankle Surg"},{"issue":"51","key":"6608_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28219","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000028219","volume":"100","author":"P Khamnuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khamnuan P, Chuayunan N, Duangjai A, Saokaew S, Chaomuang N, Phisalprapa P (2021) Novel clinical risk scoring model for predicting mortality in patients with necrotizing fasciitis: the MNF scoring system. Med (Baltim) 100(51):e28219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000028219","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"issue":"1","key":"6608_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(77)90283-5","volume":"134","author":"A Giuliano","year":"1977","unstructured":"Giuliano A, Lewis F Jr., Hadley K, Blaisdell FW (1977) Bacteriology of necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg 134(1):52\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9610(77)90283-5","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"6608_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000259040.71478.27","volume":"119","author":"A Golger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Golger A, Ching S, Goldsmith CH, Pennie RA, Bain JR (2007) Mortality in patients with necrotizing fasciitis. Plast Reconstr Surg 119(6):1803\u20131807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.prs.0000259040.71478.27","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"6608_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268809002532","volume":"137","author":"MS Dworkin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dworkin MS, Westercamp MD, Park L, McIntyre A (2009) The epidemiology of necrotizing fasciitis including factors associated with death and amputation. Epidemiol Infect 137(11):1609\u20131614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0950268809002532","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"6608_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.9738\/INTSURG-D-19-00019.1","volume":"104","author":"C Tsang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tsang C, Cao J, Gunanayagam P, Feitosa R (2020) Necrotizing soft tissue infections in the vasculopathic patient: review of literature. Int Surg 104:75\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9738\/INTSURG-D-19-00019.1","journal-title":"Int Surg"},{"key":"6608_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-018-0207-0","volume":"13","author":"CP Chang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chang CP, Hsiao CT, Lin CN, Fann WC (2018) Risk factors for mortality in the late amputation of necrotizing fasciitis: a retrospective study. World J Emerg Surg 13:45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13017-018-0207-0","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"6608_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620x.83b5.10987","volume":"83","author":"WM Tang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tang WM, Ho PL, Fung KK, Yuen KY, Leong JC (2001) Necrotising fasciitis of a limb. J Bone Joint Surg Br 83(5):709\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620x.83b5.10987","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"1","key":"6608_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1308\/003588414X14055925058553","volume":"97","author":"GE Glass","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glass GE, Sheil F, Ruston JC, Butler PE (2015) Necrotising soft tissue infection in a UK metropolitan population. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 97(1):46\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/003588414X14055925058553","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"8","key":"6608_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200308000-00005","volume":"85","author":"CH Wong","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wong CH, Chang HC, Pasupathy S, Khin LW, Tan JL, Low CO (2003) Necrotizing fasciitis: clinical presentation, microbiology, and determinants of mortality. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85(8):1454\u20131460","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"2","key":"6608_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.03.041","volume":"34","author":"BW Frazee","year":"2008","unstructured":"Frazee BW, Fee C, Lynn J, Wang R, Bostrom A, Hargis C, Moore P (2008) Community-acquired necrotizing soft tissue infections: a review of 122 cases presenting to a single emergency department over 12 years. J Emerg Med 34(2):139\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.03.041","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"6608_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318220d7fa","volume":"71","author":"KF Huang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Huang KF, Hung MH, Lin YS, Lu CL, Liu C, Chen CC, Lee YH (2011) Independent predictors of mortality for necrotizing fasciitis: a retrospective analysis in a single institution. J Trauma 71(2):467\u2013473 discussion 473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TA.0b013e318220d7fa","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"3","key":"6608_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/22925503211034830","volume":"31","author":"L Kjaldgaard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kjaldgaard L, Cristall N, Gawaziuk JP, Kohja Z, Logsetty S (2023) Predictors of mortality in patients with necrotizing fasciitis: A literature review and multivariate analysis. Plast Surg (Oakv) 31(3):221\u2013228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/22925503211034830","journal-title":"Plast Surg (Oakv)"},{"issue":"2","key":"6608_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2008.10.032","volume":"208","author":"B Sarani","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sarani B, Strong M, Pascual J, Schwab CW (2009) Necrotizing fasciitis: current concepts and review of the literature. J Am Coll Surg 208(2):279\u2013288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2008.10.032","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"},{"issue":"19","key":"6608_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010307","volume":"345","author":"E Rivers","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, Ressler J, Muzzin A, Knoblich B, Peterson E, Tomlanovich M, Early Goal-Directed Therapy Collaborative G (2001) Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345(19):1368\u20131377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa010307","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"6608_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.11.001","volume":"16","author":"YH Tsai","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tsai YH, Huang KC, Shen SH, Hsu WH, Peng KT, Huang TJ (2012) Microbiology and surgical indicators of necrotizing fasciitis in a tertiary hospital of Southwest Taiwan. Int J Infect Dis 16(3):e159\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.11.001","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"6608_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chang CP, Fann WC, Wu SR, Lin CN, Chen IC, Hsiao AC (2018) Diagnostic performance of initial serum albumin level for predicting In-Hospital mortality among necrotizing fasciitis patients. J Clin Med 7(11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm7110435","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7110435"},{"issue":"1","key":"6608_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1308\/003588413X13511609956093","volume":"95","author":"RA Swain","year":"2013","unstructured":"Swain RA, Hatcher JC, Azadian BS, Soni N, De Souza B (2013) A five-year review of necrotising fasciitis in a tertiary referral unit. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 95(1):57\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/003588413X13511609956093","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"1","key":"6608_CR29","first-page":"44","volume":"15","author":"JP Cheung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Cheung JP, Fung B, Tang WM, Ip WY (2009) A review of necrotising fasciitis in the extremities. Hong Kong Med J 15(1):44\u201352","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"6608_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S82999","volume":"8","author":"P Khamnuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Khamnuan P, Chongruksut W, Jearwattanakanok K, Patumanond J, Tantraworasin A (2015) Necrotizing fasciitis: epidemiology and clinical predictors for amputation. Int J Gen Med 8:195\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJGM.S82999","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"6608_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001187","volume":"478","author":"J Karnuta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karnuta J, Featherall J, Lawrenz J, Gordon J, Golubovsky J, Thomas J, Ramanathan D, Simpfendorfer C, Nystrom LM, Babic M, Mesko NW (2020) What demographic and clinical factors are associated with In-hospital mortality in patients with necrotizing fasciitis?? Clin Orthop Relat Res 478(8):1770\u20131779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001187","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"6608_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2021.337","volume":"23","author":"YH Tsai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsai YH, Huang TY, Kuo LT, Chuang PY, Hsiao CT, Huang KC (2022) Comparison of surgical outcomes and predictors in patients with monomicrobial necrotizing fasciitis and Sepsis caused by Vibrio vulnificus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Aeromonas sobria. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 23(3):288\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/sur.2021.337","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"1","key":"6608_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2010.02000.x","volume":"309","author":"SR Vartoukian","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vartoukian SR, Palmer RM, Wade WG (2010) Strategies for culture of \u2018unculturable\u2019 bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 309(1):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2010.02000.x","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"6608_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13017-019-0286-6","volume":"15","author":"F Nawijn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nawijn F, Smeeing DPJ, Houwert RM, Leenen LPH, Hietbrink F (2020) Time is of the essence when treating necrotizing soft tissue infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Emerg Surg 15:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13017-019-0286-6","journal-title":"World J Emerg Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"6608_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.98B11.37526","volume":"98\u2013B","author":"JH Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan JH, Koh BT, Hong CC, Lim SH, Liang S, Chan GW, Wang W, Nather A (2016) A comparison of necrotising fasciitis in diabetics and non-diabetics: a review of 127 patients. Bone Joint J 98\u2013B(11):1563\u20131568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/0301-620X.98B11.37526","journal-title":"Bone Joint J"},{"issue":"10","key":"6608_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-024-06266-6","volume":"48","author":"D Momtaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Momtaz D, Heath D, Ghali A, Krishnakumar HN, Schultz RJ, Gonuguntla RK, Brady C (2024) Socioeconomic status affects amputation and mortality rates in necrotizing fasciitis patients. Int Orthop 48(10):2505\u20132512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-024-06266-6","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"6608_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-021-03875-9","volume":"51","author":"RM Kwee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kwee RM, Kwee TC (2022) Diagnostic performance of MRI and CT in diagnosing necrotizing soft tissue infection: a systematic review. Skeletal Radiol 51(4):727\u2013736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00256-021-03875-9","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol"}],"container-title":["International Orthopaedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00264-025-06608-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00264-025-06608-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00264-025-06608-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T06:03:32Z","timestamp":1757225012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00264-025-06608-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["6608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-025-06608-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["0341-2695","1432-5195"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0341-2695","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-5195","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}