{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:02:52Z","timestamp":1793019772500,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778976000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Orthopaedics (SICOT)"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-026-06854-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T07:53:35Z","timestamp":1779004415000},"page":"1209-1221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Quantifying the environmental footprint of primary hip and knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and pooled-analysis of waste generation and carbon emissions"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Anil","family":"Regmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdus","family":"Sami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Surakshya","family":"Baral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay Kumar","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanyam","family":"Kulshrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karthikeyan. P.","family":"Iyengar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"6854_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01787-6","volume":"398","author":"M Romanello","year":"2021","unstructured":"Romanello M, McGushin A, Di Napoli C et al (2021) The 2021 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future. Lancet 398:1619\u20131662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01787-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6854_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32290-X","volume":"397","author":"N Watts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N et al (2021) The 2020 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: responding to converging crises. Lancet 397:129\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32290-X","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"6854_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.18770","volume":"94","author":"R Roscioli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roscioli R, Wyllie T, Neophytou K et al (2024) How we can reduce the environmental impact of our operating theatres: a narrative review. ANZ J Surg 94:1000\u20131010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ans.18770","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"6854_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2025.12.018","volume":"73","author":"A Regmi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Regmi A, Baral S, Sami A, Jain VK (2026) Greening orthopaedic surgery: carbon footprint, waste generation, environmental impact, and mitigation strategies. J Orthop 73:86\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jor.2025.12.018","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"key":"6854_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14228214","volume":"14","author":"BG Stubnya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stubnya BG, Schulz M, V\u00e1ncsa S et al (2025) Global trends in joint arthroplasty: a systematic review and future projections. J Clin Med 14:8214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14228214","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"6854_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2025.11.042","volume":"73","author":"A Regmi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Regmi A, Jain V, Baral S et al (2026) Industry 6.0 capabilities in orthopaedics: towards hyper-personalized and autonomous surgical care. J Orthop 73:184\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jor.2025.11.042","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"key":"6854_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006756","author":"KE van Nieuwenhuizen","year":"2025","unstructured":"van Nieuwenhuizen KE, Michels CTJ, Both IGIA et al (2025) Evidence-based integration of environmental sustainability into clinical guidelines for operating rooms: a systematic review. Ann Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0000000000006756","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"6854_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2022.04.010","volume":"172","author":"MA Shoham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shoham MA, Baker NM, Peterson ME, Fox P (2022) The environmental impact of surgery: a systematic review. Surgery 172:897\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2022.04.010","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"6854_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP8666","volume":"129","author":"J Drew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drew J, Christie SD, Tyedmers P et al (2021) Operating in a climate crisis: a state-of-the-science review of life cycle assessment within surgical and anesthetic care. Environ Health Perspect 129:76001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/EHP8666","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"6854_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.24.00212","volume":"106","author":"A Eidmann","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eidmann A, Geiger F, Heinz T et al (2024) Our impact on global warming: a carbon footprint analysis of orthopaedic operations. J Bone Joint Surg Am 106:1971\u20131977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.24.00212","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"6854_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E278","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.018018","volume":"63","author":"S Kooner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kooner S, Hewison C, Sridharan S et al (2020) Waste and recycling among orthopedic subspecialties. Can J Surg 63:E278\u2013E283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cjs.018018","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"6854_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2024.116178","volume":"241","author":"E Moya","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moya E, Bryant SA, Horneck N et al (2025) Advancing sustainability in healthcare: a scoping review of global recycling practices in operating rooms. Am J Surg 241:116178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2024.116178","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"6854_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13","volume":"5","author":"SP Hozo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hozo SP, Djulbegovic B, Hozo I (2005) Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Med Res Methodol 5:13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"6854_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jor.2025.01.014","volume":"68","author":"CE Bejcek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bejcek CE, Baker JR, Sleiman AG et al (2025) Environmental impact of TKA: waste audit of hospital operating room compared to ambulatory surgery center. J Orthop 68:90\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jor.2025.01.014","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"key":"6854_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2023.101187","volume":"23","author":"C Delaie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Delaie C, Cerlier A, Argenson J-N et al (2023) Ecological burden of modern surgery: an analysis of total knee replacement\u2019s life cycle. Arthroplast Today 23:101187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artd.2023.101187","journal-title":"Arthroplast Today"},{"key":"6854_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1111\/ans.70018","volume":"95","author":"N Drobetz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Drobetz N, Xu J, Chang D et al (2025) Less trash, more treasure. Waste production and reduction in orthopaedic surgery. ANZ J Surg 95:539\u2013543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ans.70018","journal-title":"ANZ J Surg"},{"key":"6854_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surge.2024.04.007","volume":"22","author":"AP Drouaud","year":"2024","unstructured":"Drouaud AP, Miller PE, O\u2019Byrne JM (2024) The environmental impact of hip and knee arthroplasty: an analysis of carbon emissions and disposal costs. Surgeon 22:221\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surge.2024.04.007","journal-title":"Surgeon"},{"key":"6854_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-025-06629-7","volume":"49","author":"IC Klarenbeek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Klarenbeek IC, Janssen ERC, Willems PC et al (2025) Waste in orthopaedic surgery; an application of the healthcare sustainability mode and effect analysis. Int Orthop 49:2393\u20132401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-025-06629-7","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"6854_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1302\/2633-1462.59.BJO-2024-0027.R1","volume":"5","author":"P Kodumuri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kodumuri P, Joshi P, Malek I (2024) Assessment of the carbon footprint of total hip arthroplasty and opportunities for emission reduction in a UK hospital setting. Bone Jt Open 5:742\u2013748. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1302\/2633-1462.59.BJO-2024-0027.R1","journal-title":"Bone Jt Open"},{"key":"6854_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2012.04.020","volume":"27","author":"RJ Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee RJ, Mears SC (2012) Reducing and recycling in joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 27:1757\u20131760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arth.2012.04.020","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"6854_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1071\/AH24154","volume":"48","author":"F McGain","year":"2024","unstructured":"McGain F, Wickramarachchi K, Aye L et al (2024) The carbon footprint of total knee replacements. Aust Health Rev 48:664\u2013672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/AH24154","journal-title":"Aust Health Rev"},{"key":"6854_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16125214","volume":"16","author":"F Moldovan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Moldovan F, Moldovan L (2024) Sustainable waste management in orthopedic healthcare services. Sustainability 16:5214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su16125214","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"6854_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2024.103910","volume":"110","author":"P Ogeron","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ogeron P, Boukebous B, Desender A et al (2024) Average total weight of surgical waste and CO2 carbon footprint of orthopedic surgery in France, estimated on the basis of a representative panel. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 110:103910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.otsr.2024.103910","journal-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res"},{"key":"6854_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1177\/13558196221094488","volume":"27","author":"M Pegg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pegg M, Rawson R, Okere U (2022) Operating room waste management: a case study of primary hip operations at a leading National Health Service hospital in the United Kingdom. J Health Serv Res Policy 27:255\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13558196221094488","journal-title":"J Health Serv Res Policy"},{"key":"6854_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artd.2023.101254","volume":"24","author":"R Prakash","year":"2023","unstructured":"Prakash R, Abid H, Wasim A et al (2023) The environmental impact and sustainability of total hip and knee arthroplasty. Arthroplast Today 24:101254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.artd.2023.101254","journal-title":"Arthroplast Today"},{"key":"6854_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/01410768231166135","volume":"116","author":"C Rizan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rizan C, Lillywhite R, Reed M, Bhutta MF (2023) The carbon footprint of products used in five common surgical operations: identifying contributing products and processes. J R Soc Med 116:199\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/01410768231166135","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"6854_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1177\/175045891302300605","volume":"23","author":"T Southorn","year":"2013","unstructured":"Southorn T, Norrish A, Gardner K, Baxandall R (2013) Reducing the carbon footprint of the operating theatre: a multicentre quality improvement report. J Perioper Pract 23:144\u2013146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/175045891302300605","journal-title":"J Perioper Pract"},{"key":"6854_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-024-06155-y","volume":"48","author":"I Stacey","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stacey I, Vil\u00e0 G, Torres-Claramunt R et al (2024) Plastic waste in major orthopaedic surgical procedures: descriptive and sources of improvement. Int Orthop 48:1701\u20131706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-024-06155-y","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"6854_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.015711","volume":"56","author":"NM Stall","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stall NM, Kagoma YK, Bondy JN, Naudie D (2013) Surgical waste audit of 5 total knee arthroplasties. Can J Surg 56:97\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1503\/cjs.015711","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"6854_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5005\/cjhr-11037-0012","volume":"1","author":"A Rimal","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rimal A, Tripathee S, Shrestha JR (2025) Acute kidney injury precipitating Metformin-associated lactic acidosis: clinical presentation and management. Charak J Health Res 1:59\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/cjhr-11037-0012","journal-title":"Charak J Health Res"},{"key":"6854_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276685","volume":"17","author":"BJ McKenzie","year":"2022","unstructured":"McKenzie BJ, Haas R, Ferreira GE et al (2022) The environmental impact of health care for musculoskeletal conditions: a scoping review. PLoS One 17:e0276685. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0276685","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"6854_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2023.0057","volume":"105","author":"PN Robinson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Robinson PN, Surendran K, Lim SJ, Robinson M (2023) The carbon footprint of surgical operations: a systematic review update. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 105:692\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/rcsann.2023.0057","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"6854_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-21-01254","volume":"30","author":"ID Engler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Engler ID, Curley AJ, Fu FH, Bilec MM (2022) Environmental sustainability in orthopaedic surgery. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 30:504\u2013511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5435\/JAAOS-D-21-01254","journal-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg"},{"key":"6854_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.01.027","volume":"83","author":"B Pradere","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pradere B, Mallet R, de La Taille A et al (2023) Climate-smart actions in the operating theatre for improving sustainability practices: a systematic review. Eur Urol 83:331\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eururo.2022.01.027","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"6854_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000003242","volume":"483","author":"N Silva de Souza Lima Cano","year":"2025","unstructured":"Silva de Souza Lima Cano N, Engler ID, Mohammadiziazi R et al (2025) How can the environmental impact of orthopaedic surgery be measured and reduced? Using anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction as a test case. Clin Orthop Relat Res 483:7\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CORR.0000000000003242","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"6854_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-108446","volume":"15","author":"A Booth","year":"2025","unstructured":"Booth A, Chowaniec M, Goyal S et al (2025) The carbon footprints of single-use and reusable medical devices: a systematic review. BMJ Open 15:e108446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2025-108446","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"6854_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1308\/rcsann.2024.0035","volume":"107","author":"E Ojelade","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ojelade E, Koris J, Begum H et al (2025) Carbon savings associated with changing surgical trends in total knee arthroplasty in England: a retrospective observational study using administrative data. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 107:417\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1308\/rcsann.2024.0035","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"6854_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000829","volume":"110","author":"A Almukhtar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Almukhtar A, Batcup C, Bowman M et al (2024) Barriers and facilitators to sustainable operating theatres: a systematic review using the Theoretical Domains Framework. Int J Surg 110:554\u2013568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000829","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"6854_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.52394","volume":"221","author":"L Pillay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pillay L, Winkel KD, Kariotis T (2024) Developing the green operating room: exploring barriers and opportunities to reducing operating room waste. Med J Aust 221:279\u2013284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5694\/mja2.52394","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"6854_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2018.06.020","volume":"217","author":"S Azouz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azouz S, Boyll P, Swanson M et al (2019) Managing barriers to recycling in the operating room. Am J Surg 217:634\u2013638. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2018.06.020","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"6854_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2023.04.051","volume":"174","author":"JA Balch","year":"2023","unstructured":"Balch JA, Krebs JR, Filiberto AC et al (2023) Methods and evaluation metrics for reducing material waste in the operating room: a scoping review. Surgery 174:252\u2013258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2023.04.051","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"6854_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsb2210022","volume":"387","author":"H Singh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh H, Eckelman M, Berwick DM, Sherman JD (2022) Mandatory reporting of emissions to achieve net-zero health care. N Engl J Med 387:2469\u20132476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMsb2210022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"6854_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.22.00548","volume":"105","author":"JR Saleh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saleh JR, Mitchell A, Kha ST et al (2023) The environmental impact of orthopaedic surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 105:74\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2106\/JBJS.22.00548","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"}],"container-title":["International Orthopaedics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00264-026-06854-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00264-026-06854-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00264-026-06854-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T08:30:16Z","timestamp":1781685016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00264-026-06854-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["6854"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00264-026-06854-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["0341-2695","1432-5195"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0341-2695","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-5195","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors have used Grammarly for English editing and improving the manuscript's readability but have rechecked its final contents and take full responsibility.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Use of AI tools"}}]}}