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In the first half of nineteenth\u00a0century, he was followed by a number of other surgeons, among them Achille Cl\u00e9ophase Flaubert, father of the famous novelist\u00a0Gustave Flaubert, who treated both acute fractures and non-unions. Almost all operations resulted in suppuration, however, in many patients the fracture healed, while other cases ended in amputation or even death. Despite a series of failures, individual operations inspired the next generation of surgeons. Nevertheless, it took another 40\u00a0years before the foundations of modern internal fixation were laid by the Belgian surgeon Albin Lambotte.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-026-06895-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T04:03:01Z","timestamp":1781236981000},"page":"1837-1843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The beginnings of internal fixation of fractures in the pre-aseptic period 1797\u20131870"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Jan","family":"Barton\u00ed\u010dek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ond\u0159ej","family":"Na\u0148ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"6895_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1938.01200060008002","volume":"37","author":"P Cordasco","year":"1938","unstructured":"Cordasco P (1938) Evolution of treatment of fracture of neck of femur. 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