{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:55:00Z","timestamp":1780404900209,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514246400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aesth Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-1048-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]],"date-time":"2017-12-26T21:36:37Z","timestamp":1514324197000},"page":"546-552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Chemical Peeling with a Modified Phenol Formula for the Treatment of Facial Freckles on Asian Skin"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4640-3783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua-Feng","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Shan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le-Qi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Dong","family":"Ping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Sheng","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"1048_CR1","first-page":"1007","volume":"28","author":"YL Huang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huang YL, Liao YL, Lee SH, Hong HS (2002) Intense pulsed light for the treatment of facial freckles in Asian skin. Dermatol Surg 28(11):1007\u20131012 (discussion 1012)","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1048_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04685.x","volume":"27","author":"K Ezzedine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ezzedine K, Mauger E, Latreille J, Jdid R, Malvy D, Gruber F et al (2013) Freckles and solar lentigines have different risk factors in Caucasian women. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 27(3):e345\u2013e356","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1048_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-014-1610-8","volume":"29","author":"B El Zawahry","year":"2014","unstructured":"El Zawahry B, Zaki N, Hafez V, Hay RA, Fahim A (2014) Efficacy and safety of fractional carbon dioxide laser for treatment of unwanted facial freckles in phototypes II\u2013IV: a pilot study. Lasers Med Sci 29(6):1937\u20131942","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1048_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3109\/14764172.2012.670707","volume":"14","author":"SG Ho","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ho SG, Chan NP, Yeung CK, Shek SY, Kono T, Chan HH (2012) A retrospective analysis of the management of freckles and lentigines using four different pigment lasers on Asian skin. J Cosmet Laser Ther 14(2):74\u201380","journal-title":"J Cosmet Laser Ther"},{"issue":"16","key":"1048_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.16.1701","volume":"10","author":"M Bastiaens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bastiaens M, ter Huurne J, Gruis N, Bergman W, Westendorp R, Vermeer BJ et al (2001) The melanocortin-1-receptor gene is the major freckle gene. Hum Mol Genet 10(16):1701\u20131708","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"1048_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.104914","volume":"5","author":"PR Mradula","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mradula PR, Sacchidanand S (2012) A split-face comparative study of 70% trichloroacetic acid and 80% phenol spot peel in the treatment of freckles. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 5(4):261\u2013265","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1048_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2007.00210.x","volume":"34","author":"JH Park","year":"2007","unstructured":"Park JH, Choi YD, Kim SW, Kim YC, Park SW (2007) Effectiveness of modified phenol peel (Exoderm) on facial wrinkles, acne scars and other skin problems of Asian patients. J Dermatol 34(1):17\u201324","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1048_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S1064-7406(23)00399-1","volume":"9","author":"GD Monheit","year":"2001","unstructured":"Monheit GD, Chastain MA (2001) Chemical peels. Facial Plast Surg Clin N Am 9(2):239\u2013255","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin N Am"},{"issue":"3","key":"1048_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1524-4725.2000.09243.x","volume":"26","author":"KA Jang","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jang KA, Chung EC, Choi JH, Sung KJ, Moon KC, Koh JK (2000) Successful removal of freckles in Asian skin with a Q-switched alexandrite laser. Dermatol Surg 26(3):231\u2013234","journal-title":"Dermatol Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1048_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200001000-00041","volume":"105","author":"GP Hetter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hetter GP (2000) An examination of the phenol-croton oil peel: Part I. Dissecting the formula. Plast Reconstr Surg 105(1):227\u2013239 (discussion 249\u2013251)","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1048_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200001000-00042","volume":"105","author":"GP Hetter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hetter GP (2000) An examination of the phenol-croton oil peel: Part II. The lay peelers and their croton oil formulas. Plast Reconstr Surg 105(1):240\u2013248 (discussion 249\u2013251)","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1048_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200002000-00046","volume":"105","author":"GP Hetter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hetter GP (2000) An examination of the phenol-croton oil peel: part III. The plastic surgeons\u2019 role. Plast Reconstr Surg 105(2):752\u2013763","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1048_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200003000-00035","volume":"105","author":"GP Hetter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hetter GP (2000) An examination of the phenol-croton oil peel: part IV. Face peel results with different concentrations of phenol and croton oil. Plast Reconstr Surg 105(3):1061\u20131083 (discussion 1084\u20131067)","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1048_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asj.2005.01.010","volume":"25","author":"DL Larson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Larson DL (2005) Phenol-croton oil peel: an update. Aesthet Surg J 25(2):197\u2013200","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"issue":"3","key":"1048_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2009.03409.x","volume":"24","author":"TC Fischer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fischer TC, Perosino E, Poli F, Viera MS, Dreno B (2010) Chemical peels in aesthetic dermatology: an update 2009. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 24(3):281\u2013292","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1048_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-1298(20)32518-9","volume":"25","author":"PA Stone","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stone PA (1998) The use of modified phenol for chemical face peeling. Clin Plast Surg 25(1):21\u201344","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"1048_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2010.04712.x","volume":"50","author":"SH Han","year":"2011","unstructured":"Han SH, Kim HJ, Kim SY, Kim YC, Choi GS, Shin JH (2011) Skin rejuvenating effects of chemical peeling: a study in photoaged hairless mice. Int J Dermatol 50(9):1075\u20131082","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"1048_CR18","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Obagi skin health restoration and rejuvenation","author":"ZE Obagi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Obagi ZE (ed) (2000) Endpoints. In: Obagi skin health restoration and rejuvenation. Springer, New York, pp 203\u2013211"},{"issue":"1","key":"1048_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asj.2007.10.005","volume":"28","author":"RH Bensimon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bensimon RH (2008) Croton oil peels. Aesthet Surg J 28(1):33\u201345","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J"},{"key":"1048_CR20","first-page":"982","volume-title":"The pharmacological basis of therapeutics","author":"LS Goodman","year":"1965","unstructured":"Goodman LS, Gilman A (1965) The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, pp 982\u2013983"},{"key":"1048_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1098\/rstl.1778.0011","volume":"68","author":"C Miller","year":"1778","unstructured":"Miller C, King E, Frere J (1778) An account of the Island of Sumatra. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 68:121","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond"},{"issue":"1","key":"1048_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asj.2008.11.008","volume":"29","author":"DL Larson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Larson DL, Karmo F, Hetter GP (2009) Phenol-croton oil peel: establishing an animal model for scientific investigation. Aesthet Surg J. 29(1):47\u201353","journal-title":"Aesthet Surg J."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1048_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-1811(01)00111-6","volume":"27","author":"M Isoda","year":"2001","unstructured":"Isoda M, Ueda S, Imayama S, Tsukahara K (2001) New formulation of chemical peeling agent: histological evaluation in sun-damaged skin model in hairless mice. J Dermatol Sci 27(Suppl 1):S60\u2013S67","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1048_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3109\/14764170903376224","volume":"12","author":"T Omi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Omi T, Sato S, Numano K, Kawana S (2010) Ultrastructural observations of chemical peeling for skin rejuvenation (ultrastructural changes of the skin due to chemical peeling). J Cosmet Laser Ther 12(1):21\u201324","journal-title":"J Cosmet Laser Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"1048_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1996.03890280135023","volume":"132","author":"RE Fitzpatrick","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick RE, Tope WD, Goldman MP, Satur NM (1996) Pulsed carbon dioxide laser, trichloroacetic acid, Baker\u2013Gordon phenol, and dermabrasion: a comparative clinical and histologic study of cutaneous resurfacing in a porcine model. Arch Dermatol 132(4):469\u2013471","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1048_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198505000-00006","volume":"75","author":"AM Kligman","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kligman AM, Baker TJ, Gordon HL (1985) Long-term histologic follow-up of phenol face peels. Plast Reconstr Surg 75(5):652\u2013659","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"1048_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203347416","volume-title":"Textbook of chemical peels. Superficial, medium, and deep peels in cosmetic practice","author":"P Deprez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Deprez P (2007) Textbook of chemical peels. Superficial, medium, and deep peels in cosmetic practice. Informa, London"},{"issue":"4","key":"1048_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-012-9899-9","volume":"36","author":"S Wu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wu S, Shi H, Wu H, Yan S, Guo J, Sun Y et al (2012) Treatment of melasma with oral administration of tranexamic acid. Aesthetic Plast Surg 36(4):964\u2013970","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1048_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12474","volume":"58","author":"AW Tan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tan AW, Sen P, Chua SH, Goh BK (2017) Oral tranexamic acid lightens refractory melasma. Australas J Dermatol 58(3):e105\u2013e108","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1048_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.03.001","volume":"75","author":"HC Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee HC, Thng TG, Goh CL (2016) Oral tranexamic acid (TA) in the treatment of melasma: a retrospective analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 75(2):385\u2013392","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1048_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2010.0912","volume":"20","author":"D Li","year":"2010","unstructured":"Li D, Shi Y, Li M, Liu J, Feng X (2010) Tranexamic acid can treat ultraviolet radiation-induced pigmentation in guinea pigs. Eur J Dermatol 20(3):289\u2013292","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1048_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1011-1344(98)00212-7","volume":"47","author":"K Maeda","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maeda K, Naganuma M (1998) Topical trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid prevents ultraviolet radiation-induced pigmentation. J Photochem Photobiol B 47(2\u20133):136\u2013141","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"issue":"2","key":"1048_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017229","volume":"6","author":"CA Reichel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Reichel CA, Lerchenberger M, Uhl B, Rehberg M, Berberich N, Zahler S et al (2011) Plasmin inhibitors prevent leukocyte accumulation and remodeling events in the postischemic microvasculature. PLoS ONE 6(2):e17229","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"1048_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.3.454","volume":"17","author":"M Bastaki","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bastaki M, Nelli EE, Dell\u2019Era P, Rusnati M, Molinari-Tosatti MP, Parolini S et al (1997) Basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenic phenotype in mouse endothelium. A study of aortic and microvascular endothelial cell lines. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17(3):454\u2013464","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1048_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04464.x","volume":"27","author":"JI Na","year":"2013","unstructured":"Na JI, Choi SY, Yang SH, Choi HR, Kang HY, Park KC (2013) Effect of tranexamic acid on melasma: a clinical trial with histological evaluation. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 27(8):1035\u20131039","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1048_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050629","volume":"17","author":"BY Chung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chung BY, Choi SR, Moon IJ, Park CW, Kim YH, Chang SE (2016) The glutathione derivative, GSH monoethyl ester, may effectively whiten skin but GSH does not. Int J Mol Sci 17(5):629","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1048_CR37","first-page":"438","volume":"17","author":"M Landau","year":"2005","unstructured":"Landau M (2005) Advances in deep chemical peels. Dermatol Nurs 17(6):438\u2013441","journal-title":"Dermatol Nurs"},{"issue":"2","key":"1048_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2007.09.015","volume":"26","author":"E Clark","year":"2008","unstructured":"Clark E, Scerri L (2008) Superficial and medium-depth chemical peels. Clin Dermatol 26(2):209\u2013218","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Aesthetic Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00266-017-1048-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00266-017-1048-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00266-017-1048-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,30]],"date-time":"2024-06-30T03:24:53Z","timestamp":1719717893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00266-017-1048-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-017-1048-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-216X","1432-5241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-216X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-5241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,26]]}}}