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However, fat necrosis may occur in dependence of the mode of fat aspiration, processing of the tissue and graft size. Graft survival is critically dependent on the contained adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs), adipocyte precursors and their potential for vascular supply. This work investigated the potential role of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) and various cytokines by ADSCs and differentiated adipocytes as key factors of fat grafting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adipokine expression of ADSCs and differentiated adipocytes were assessed using Proteome Profiler Arrays that detect 58 relevant proteins.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Collected fat grafts could be categorized according to their adipokine expression into VEGF\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      and VEGF\n                      <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                      ADSCs groups, the former exhibiting higher content of VEGF-related angiopoietin-like 2, nidogen-1\/entactin, CCL2\/MCP-1 and elevated expression of IGFBPs in association with a fourfold higher VEGF expression. Differentiation of ADSCs into adipocytes increased VEGF concentrations in VEGF\n                      <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                      ADSCs but not in ADSCs exhibiting initial high VEGF concentrations. The adipocytes revealed high expression of HGF, leptin, CCL2\/MCP-1, nidogen-1\/entactin, M-CSF but lower induction of angiopoietin-like 2.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Half of the ADSCs from fat grafts express high concentrations of VEGF and other adipokines that support angiogenesis and survival of this tissues following transfer. Differentiation of ADSC\n                      <jats:sup>low<\/jats:sup>\n                      cells to adipocytes may make up for the initially low VEGF expression, but this activation is 7-10 days delayed compared to the VEGF\n                      <jats:sup>high<\/jats:sup>\n                      ADSC cells and may fail to support angiogenesis from the beginning.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>No Level Assigned<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors\u00a0\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/00266\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">www.springer.com\/00266<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-04587-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]],"date-time":"2024-12-10T15:26:53Z","timestamp":1733844413000},"page":"4685-4695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells and Adipocytes Initiated from Fat Aspirations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Maryana","family":"Teufelsbauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Stickler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis C.","family":"Hammond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4038-5182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"4587_CR1","volume":"22","author":"D Costanzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Costanzo D, Romeo A, Marena F (2022) Autologous fat grafting in plastic and reconstructive surgery: an historical perspective. 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