{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:20:55Z","timestamp":1792225255798,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aesth Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Endoscopic mastectomy has gradually become an important surgical modality for the treatment of breast diseases, and is the preferred procedure for gynecomastia. However, endoscopic mastectomy presents challenges such as a steep learning curve, prolonged surgical duration, increased hospitalization costs, and high technical difficulty. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction of endoscopic mastectomy using a single axillary incision versus a triple lateral chest wall incision for gynecomastia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Patients were stratified into a single-port group and a three-port group based on the surgical approach. Propensity score matching was used for the nearest neighbor matching, adjusting baseline data differences at a 1:1 ratio, with a caliper value set at 0.2 to ensure comparability between the two groups. Clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction were compared after propensity score matching.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 36 pairs of patients were successfully matched after propensity score matching, with no differences in baseline characteristics (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). Notably, the three-port group experienced longer surgical durations compared to the single-port group, alongside higher hospitalization costs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). There were no differences in surgical bleeding volume, postoperative drainage volume, extubation time, postoperative hospitalization time , surgical complications, visual analog scale pain scores, and recurrence rate (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). After a 6-month follow-up, the vancouver scar scale assessment showed no differences in scar color, thickness, vascularity, softness, and total score (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05). Based on the BODY-Q questionnaire chest module scores, the single-port group showed better overall satisfaction in appearance (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.038), especially in the smoothness of the chest wall, with significantly higher scores than the three-port group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.001). No differences were found in nipple symmetry, nipple sensation, and skin redundancy (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The single axillary incision endoscopic mastectomy demonstrated advantages in shorter surgical duration and lower hospitalization costs, while providing a smoother chest wall appearance, thereby enhancing overall patient satisfaction. Consequently, this surgical approach may arise as one of the preferred procedures for gynecomastia.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Level of Evidence II<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors  <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/00266\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">www.springer.com\/00266<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-025-04666-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T20:48:48Z","timestamp":1737492528000},"page":"3049-3060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Single Axillary Incision Versus Triple Lateral Chest Wall Incisions in Endoscopic Mastectomy for Gynecomastia: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis with Propensity Score Matching"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2207-3959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenhui","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yirui","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruifu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meilan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baoyong","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"4666_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001175","volume":"78","author":"A Innocenti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Innocenti A, Melita D, Mori F, Ciancio F, Innocenti M. Management of gynecomastia in patients with different body types: considerations on 312 consecutive treated cases. Ann Plast Surg. 2017;78(5):492\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001175.","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.127762","volume":"18","author":"S Polat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Polat S, Cuhaci N, Evranos B, Ersoy R, Cakir B. Gynecomastia: clinical evaluation and management. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;18:150\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8210.127762.","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"4666_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-012-0581-2","volume":"76","author":"M Hosnuter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hosnuter M. An ameliorated approach for sharp resection in gynecomastia surgery. Indian J Surg. 2014;76:419\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12262-012-0581-2.","journal-title":"Indian J Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.07.004","volume":"15","author":"D Ordaz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ordaz D, Thompson J. Gynecomastia and psychological functioning: A review of the literature. Body Image. 2015;15:141\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.07.004.","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"4666_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1159\/000441504","volume":"10","author":"L Schr\u00f6der","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6der L, Rudlowski C, et al. Surgical strategies in the treatment of gynecomastia grade I-II: the combination of liposuction and subcutaneous mastectomy provides excellent patient outcome and satisfaction. Breast Care. 2015;10:184\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000441504.","journal-title":"Breast Care"},{"key":"4666_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.03.011","volume":"63","author":"L Nuzzi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nuzzi L, Firriolo J, Pike C, Cerrato F, DiVasta A, Labow B. The effect of surgical treatment for gynecomastia on quality of life in adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2018;63:759\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.03.011.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"28","key":"4666_CR7","first-page":"87","volume":"36","author":"C Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu C, Chen J, Chen R, et al. Application of mammography in the surgical treatment of gynecomastia. Chin Foreign Med Treat. 2017;36(28):87\u20139.","journal-title":"Chin Foreign Med Treat"},{"issue":"1","key":"4666_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-197301000-00009","volume":"51","author":"BE Simon","year":"1973","unstructured":"Simon BE, Hoffman S, Kahn S. Classification and surgical correction of gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1973;51(1):48\u201352.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"4666_CR9","first-page":"401","volume":"12","author":"Z Xia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xia Z, Lv K. Chinese clinical scar prevention and treatment expert consensus. Chin J Inj Repair. 2017;12(6):401\u20138.","journal-title":"Chin J Inj Repair"},{"issue":"S1","key":"4666_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-021-06696-6","volume":"46","author":"A Innocenti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Innocenti A, Melita D. Endoscopic axillary approach improves patient satisfaction of gynecomastia subcutaneous mastectomy: a cross-sectional study using the BODY-Q Chest Module. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2021;46(S1):166\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-021-06696-6.","journal-title":"Aesthet Plast Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"4666_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197610000-00033","volume":"69","author":"G Letterman","year":"1976","unstructured":"Letterman G, Schurter M. A comparison of modern methods of reduction mammaplasty. South Med J. 1976;69(10):1367\u201371.","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"4666_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2018.0650","volume":"29","author":"F Varlet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Varlet F, Raia-Barjat T, Bustangi N, et al. Treatment of gynecomastia by endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy in adolescents. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech. 2019;29:1073\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lap.2018.0650.","journal-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"4666_CR13","first-page":"S27","volume":"41","author":"LD Dhami","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dhami LD. Liposuction. Indian J Plast Surg. 2008;41(Suppl):S27\u201340.","journal-title":"Indian J Plast Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1111\/tbj.13424","volume":"25","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang J, Liu L, et al. Comparison of curative effects between mammotome-assisted minimally invasive resection (MAMIR) and traditional open surgery for gynecomastia in Chinese patients: a prospective clinical study. Breast J. 2019;25:1084\u20139.","journal-title":"Breast J"},{"key":"4666_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(76)90035-7","volume":"29","author":"RH Brown","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown RH, Chang DK, Siy R, et al. Trends in the surgical correction of gynecomastia. Semin Plast Surg. 2015;29:122\u201330.","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20100","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000020100","volume":"99","author":"C Jian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jian C, Wu L, Lin L, et al. Single-port endoscopic mastectomy via the lateral chest approach for the treatment of grade II gynecomastia. Medicine. 2020;99:e20100.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"4666_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000675","volume":"4","author":"SH Bailey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bailey SH, Guenther D, Constantine F, Rohrich RJ. Gynecomastia management: an evolution and refinement in technique at UT Southwestern medical center. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2016;4: e734.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"4666_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004256","volume":"10","author":"RC Caridi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Caridi RC. Total gynecomastia removal with layered closure: a study of 567 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2022;10(4): e4256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004256.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"4666_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2008.11.050","volume":"63","author":"T Goh","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goh T, Tan BK, Song C. Use of the microdebrider for treatment of fibrous gynaecomastia. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63:506\u201310.","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2019.09.003","volume":"73","author":"N Sim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sim N, Tan G, Tan BK, Goh T. Review of the microdebrider excision and liposuction technique (MELT) for the treatment of gynecomastia. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2020;73:303\u201312.","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.140089","volume":"7","author":"WM Ghnnam","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ghnnam WM. Gynaecomastia surgery: Should it be individualised? J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2014;7:116\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0974-2077.140089.","journal-title":"J Cutan Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4666_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-021-02520-z","volume":"46","author":"TOH Prasetyono","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prasetyono TOH, Budhipramono AG, Andromeda I. Liposuction assisted gynecomastia surgery with minimal periareolar incision: a systematic review. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2021;46(1):123\u201331.","journal-title":"Aesthet Plast Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199806000-00011","volume":"40","author":"T Ohyama","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ohyama T, Takada A, Fujikawa M, Hosokawa K. Endoscope-assisted transaxillary removal of glandular tissue in gynecomastia. Ann Plast Surg. 1998;40:62\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000637-199806000-00011.","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2010.09.019","volume":"64","author":"G Jarrar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jarrar G, Peel A, Fahmy R, et al. Single incision endoscopic surgery for gynaecomastia. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011;64:e231\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjps.2010.09.019.","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4666_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2020.12.020","volume":"170","author":"Y Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang Y, Mu D, Xu B, Li W, Zhang X, Lin Y, et al. Endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy plus liposuction via a single axillary incision for gynecomastia in Asian patients: A report of 45 cases. Surgery. 2021;170(1):39\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2020.12.020.","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"4666_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41","volume":"70","author":"PR Rosenbaum","year":"1983","unstructured":"Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika. 1983;70(1):41\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"4666_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08127-1","volume":"37","author":"F Varlet","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varlet F, Esposito C, Scalabre A, Lepore B, Vermersch S, Escolino M. Pediatric endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy (PESMA) with liposuction in adolescents with gynecomastia. Surg Endosc. 2022;37(1):766\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-021-08127-1.","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"issue":"7","key":"4666_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.00000000000233020","volume":"102","author":"M Tukenmez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tukenmez M, Emiroglu S, Kozanoglu E, Akalin B, Mollavelioglu B, Cabioglu N, et al. Single axillary incision endoscopic surgery and liposuction for gynecomastia. Medicine. 2023;102(7): e33020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.00000000000233020.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"4666_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007306","volume":"147","author":"A Hoyos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoyos A, Perez M, Dom\u00ednguez-Mill\u00e1n R. Gynecomastia treatment through open resection and pectoral high-definition liposculpture. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021;147(5):1072\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007306.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR30","volume-title":"Chinese plastic surgery","author":"W Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang W. Chinese plastic surgery. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Science and Technology Publishing House; 2019."},{"key":"4666_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003295","author":"SW Holzmer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holzmer SW, Lewis PG, Landau MJ, Hill ME. Surgical management of gynecomastia: a comprehensive review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003295.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"4666_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-019-01554-0","volume":"44","author":"L Murugesan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Murugesan L, Karidis A. External quilting: new technique to avoid hematoma in gynecomastia surgery. Aesth Plast Surg. 2020;44:45\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-019-01554-0.","journal-title":"Aesth Plast Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-017-0943-8","volume":"41","author":"A Innocenti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Innocenti A, Melita D, Ciancio F, Innocenti M. Discussion: Long-term follow-up of recurrence and patient satisfaction after surgical treatment of gynecomastia. Aesthet Plast Surg. 2017;41:1242\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-017-0943-8.","journal-title":"Aesthet Plast Surg"},{"issue":"12","key":"4666_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7331","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-021-09978-9","volume":"28","author":"HW Lai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lai HW, Chen ST, Mok CW, Chang YT, Lin SL, Lin YJ, et al. Single-port three-dimensional (3D) videoscope-assisted endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy in the management of breast cancer: technique, clinical outcomes, medical cost, learning curve, and patient-reported aesthetic results from 80 preliminary procedures. Ann Surg Oncol. 2021;28(12):7331\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-021-09978-9.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"4666_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.12.229","volume":"101","author":"CD Rahnema","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rahnema CD, Lipshultz LI, Crosnoe LE, et al. Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism: diagnosis and treatment. Fertil Steril. 2014;101:1271\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.12.229.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"4666_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002188","volume":"83","author":"M Vojvodic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vojvodic M, Xu FZ, Cai R, Roy M, Fielding JC. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among gynecomastia patients. Ann Plast Surg. 2019;83(3):258\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002188.","journal-title":"Ann Plast Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200101000-00020","volume":"107","author":"A Babigian","year":"2001","unstructured":"Babigian A, Silverman RT. Management of gynecomastia due to use of anabolic steroids in bodybuilders. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107:240\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006534-200101000-00020.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31823c5f8c","volume":"129","author":"C Kinsella Jr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kinsella C Jr, Landfair A, Rottgers SA, et al. The psychological burden of idiopathic adolescent gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012;129:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31823c5f8c.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4666_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2018.12.004","volume":"46","author":"M Shahriari","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shahriari M, Ghasemi K, Bordbar M, et al. Gynecomastia as a late complication of childhood cancer and its treatment that can affect the quality of life of male survivors. Semin Oncol. 2019;46(2):155\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2018.12.004.","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4666_CR40","first-page":"313","volume":"15","author":"B Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi B, Han B, Wang H, et al. Expert consensus on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of male gynecomastia in China. Chin J Oncol Surg. 2023;15(4):313\u201323.","journal-title":"Chin J Oncol Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4666_CR41","first-page":"4","volume":"19","author":"C Luo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Luo C. Key issues in minimally invasive surgery for male gynecomastia using thoracoscopic techniques. Chin J Minim Invasive Surg. 2019;19(1):4\u20135.","journal-title":"Chin J Minim Invasive Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"4666_CR42","first-page":"1138","volume":"40","author":"B Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu B. Application of laparoscopic technology in the surgery of male gynecomastia. Chin J Pract Surg. 2020;40(10):1138\u201340.","journal-title":"Chin J Pract Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1093\/plastic\/pxy169","volume":"142","author":"M Kaur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaur M, Poulsen L, Fielding C, Geerards D, van de Grift TC, et al. Development of the BODY-Q chest module evaluating outcomes following chest contouring surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2018;142:1600\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/plastic\/pxy169.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"4666_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181b3c6e61","volume":"124","author":"DC Hammond","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hammond DC. Surgical correction of gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;124(1 Suppl):61e\u20138e. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181b3c6e61.","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"4666_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1097\/SLE.0b013e3181b3e9d2","volume":"19","author":"L Fan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fan L, Yang X, Zhang Y, et al. Endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy for the treatment of gynecomastia: a report of 65 cases. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutaneous Tech. 2009;19:e85\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLE.0b013e3181b3e9d2.","journal-title":"Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutaneous Tech"}],"container-title":["Aesthetic Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00266-025-04666-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00266-025-04666-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00266-025-04666-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T19:27:23Z","timestamp":1751484443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00266-025-04666-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-025-04666-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-216X","1432-5241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-216X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-5241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest, and have no commercial interest in the subject of study, nor receive any source of financial or material support.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Xiamen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (Approval No.: 2021-K044-01). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"All participants have given informed consent in writing prior to inclusion in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}