{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:18:36Z","timestamp":1786979916672,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016981","name":"Necmettin Erbakan University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016981","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aesth Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the infraorbital canal (IOC) and maxillary sinus (MS) have been well studied, understanding the effect of MS volume (MSV) on IOC morphology is critical in determining the safest surgical route for infraorbital depression and transmaxillary procedures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to describe the IOC types, measure the MSV and IOC angles (IOCA) in all three planes, and analyse the relationship between them using three-dimensional (3D) cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CBCT images of 280 patients were analysed to identify the IOC types and accessory IOC (IOCa), and to measure morphometric parameters. The relationship between them was examined using statistical analysis in relation to age, gender, and laterality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The most common IOC type was Type I (59.6%), followed by Type II (21.8%), Type III (13.6%), and Type IV (5%). According to MSV, three types of MS were described, with 38.2, 34.6, and 27.2% having normal, hypoplastic, and hyperplastic MS, respectively. Also, hyperplastic MS was associated with the highest likelihood of Type III IOC. Furthermore, logistic regression model revealed that the MSV and IOCA3 had a positive significant effect on the IOC protrusion, whereas being female, increasing age and IOCA1 had a negative significant effect on MS pneumatization. The probability of having hyperplastic MS, Types II and III IOC, IOCa also decreased with increasing age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using 3D technology, the results of this study provide a detailed classification of IOC and MS types, increasing the number of treatment options and reducing the risk of complications during surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence IV<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/00266\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">www.springer.com\/00266<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-025-04719-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T11:05:44Z","timestamp":1739358344000},"page":"1823-1832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Effect of the Maxillary Sinus Volume on the Morphology and Angulation of the Infraorbital Canal in Relation to Age and Gender"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9524-5056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fclay","family":"A\u00e7ar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9352-875X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet Safa","family":"G\u00f6k\u015fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4418-174X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guldane","family":"Magat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"4719_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-03929-y","volume":"48","author":"LC Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou LC, Cao MB, Peng T, Yu H, Li JY, Zeng MQ, Li T, Luo SK. Clinical relevance of the variability of the infraorbital arterial anatomy evaluated by three-dimensional computed tomography. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2024;48(9):1698\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-024-03929-y.","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"4719_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-024-03348-3","volume":"46","author":"M Orellana-Donoso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Orellana-Donoso M, Romero-Zucchino D, Fuentes-Abarca A, Aravena-R\u00edos P, Sanchis-Gimeno J, Konschake M, Nova-Baeza P, Valenzuela-Fuenzalida JJ. Infraorbital canal variants and its clinical and surgical implications. Syst Rev Surg Radiol Anat. 2024;46:1027\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-024-03348-3.","journal-title":"Syst Rev. Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"4719_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-018-2108-z","volume":"41","author":"M Fontolliet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fontolliet M, Bornstein MM, Von Arx T. Characteristics and dimensions of the infraorbital canal: a radiographic analysis using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Surg Radiol Anat. 2019;41:169\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-018-2108-z.","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"key":"4719_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-024-02191-8","author":"SS Aryanezhad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aryanezhad SS, Jafari-Pozve N, Abrishami M, Arianezhad SM. Investigating the anatomy and location of the \u0131nfraorbital canal in relation to the adjacent structures in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) \u0131mages. J Maxillofac Oral Surg. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12663-024-02191-8.","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg"},{"issue":"7","key":"4719_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-013-1077-5","volume":"35","author":"SH Hwang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hwang SH, Kim SW, Park CS, Kim SW, Cho JH, Kang JM. Morphometric analysis of the infraorbital groove, canal, and foramen on three-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomography scans. Surg Radiol Anat. 2013;35(7):565\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-013-1077-5.","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"6","key":"4719_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2017.08.009","volume":"84","author":"G A\u00e7ar","year":"2018","unstructured":"A\u00e7ar G, \u00d6zen KE, G\u00fcler \u0130, B\u00fcy\u00fckmumcu M. Computed tomography evaluation of the morphometry and variations of the infraorbital canal relating to endoscopic surgery. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2018;84(6):713\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjorl.2017.08.009.","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4719_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2018.0084","volume":"78","author":"I Bah\u015fi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bah\u015fi I, Orhan M, Kervanc\u0131o\u011flu P, Yal\u00e7\u0131n ED. Morphometric evaluation and surgical implications of the infraorbital groove, canal and foramen on cone-beam computed tomography and a review of literature. Folia Morphol. 2019;78(2):331\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/FM.a2018.0084.","journal-title":"Folia Morphol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4719_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.5037\/jomr.2020.11405","volume":"11","author":"F Kalabal\u0131k","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalabal\u0131k F, Akta\u015f T, Akan E, Aytu\u011far E. Radiographic evaluation of infraorbital canal protrusion into maxillary sinus using cone-beam computed tomography. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2020;11(4):e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5037\/jomr.2020.11405.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29391-5","volume":"13","author":"A Abate","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abate A, Cavagnetto D, Lanteri V, Maspero C. Three-dimensional evaluation of the maxillary sinus in patients with different skeletal classes and cranio-maxillary relationships assessed with cone beam computed tomography. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):2098\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-29391-5.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"4719_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.a2019.0106","volume":"79","author":"M Gulec","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gulec M, Tassoker M, Magat G, Lale B, Ozcan S, Orhan K. Three-dimensional volumetric analysis of the maxillary sinus: a cone-beam computed tomography study. Folia Morphol. 2020;79(3):557\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/FM.a2019.0106.","journal-title":"Folia Morphol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4719_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.25007","volume":"306","author":"SA Osbon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osbon SA, Butaric LN. Investigating the relationship between infraorbital canal morphology and maxillary sinus size. Anat Rec. 2023;306(1):110\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ar.25007.","journal-title":"Anat Rec"},{"key":"4719_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-03854-3","volume":"25","author":"N Alsufyani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alsufyani N, El-Hakim H, Major P. Prevalence of maxillary sinus hypoplasia and association with variations in the sinonasal complex: a cone beam CT study. Clin Oral Invest. 2021;25:5463\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-021-03854-3.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"issue":"10","key":"4719_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e72367","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.72367","volume":"16","author":"TNA Razak","year":"2024","unstructured":"Razak TNA, Lakshmi Rathan AC, Narayanan V, Gurram P. Morphometric analysis of the \u0131nfraorbital canal, groove, and foramen in the \u0131ndian population: a retrospective analytical study. Cureus. 2024;16(10):e72367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.72367.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"5","key":"4719_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2022.07.002","volume":"88","author":"G Serindere","year":"2022","unstructured":"Serindere G, Serindere M. Cone beam computed tomographic evaluation of infraorbital canal protrusion into the maxillary sinus and its importance for endoscopic surgery. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;88(5):140\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjorl.2022.07.002.","journal-title":"Braz J Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"23","key":"4719_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13233593","volume":"13","author":"E Kedar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kedar E, Koren I, Medlej B, Hershkovitz I. The associations between the maxillary sinus volume, infraorbital ethmoid cells, and the infraorbital canal: a CT-based study. Diagnostics. 2023;13(23):3593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13233593.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"6","key":"4719_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25089","volume":"125","author":"EH Ference","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ference EH, Smith SS, Conley D. Surgical anatomy and variations of the infraorbital nerve. Laryngoscope. 2015;125(6):1296\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.25089.","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"2","key":"4719_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892419882127","volume":"34","author":"L Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li L, London NR, Prevedello DM, Carrau RL. Anatomical variants of the infraorbital canal: implications for the prelacrimal approach to the orbital floor. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2023;34(2):176\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1945892419882127.","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"issue":"4","key":"4719_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.5624\/isd.20220077","volume":"52","author":"SB Eiid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eiid SB, Mohamed AA. Protrusion of the infraorbital canal into the maxillary sinus: A cross-sectional study in Cairo Egypt. Imaging Sci Dent. 2022;52(4):359\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5624\/isd.20220077.","journal-title":"Imaging Sci Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"4719_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11282-020-00506-2","volume":"37","author":"B Shrestha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shrestha B, Shrestha R, Lin T, Lu Y, Lu H, Mai Z, Chen L, Chen Z, Ai H. Evaluation of maxillary sinus volume in different craniofacial patterns: a CBCT study. Oral Radiol. 2021;37(4):647\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11282-020-00506-2.","journal-title":"Oral Radiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4719_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05383-y","volume":"276","author":"C Aktuna Belgin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aktuna Belgin C, Colak M, Adiguzel O, Akkus Z, Orhan K. Three-dimensional evaluation of maxillary sinus volume in different age and sex groups using CBCT. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;276(5):1493\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00405-019-05383-y.","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Aesthetic Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00266-025-04719-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00266-025-04719-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00266-025-04719-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T10:01:46Z","timestamp":1745575306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00266-025-04719-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4719"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-025-04719-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-216X","1432-5241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-216X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-5241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest and no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The Ethics Committee of Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Medicine approved this retrospective study (2023\/4455).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"For this retrospective study, informed consent is not required.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}