{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T03:53:48Z","timestamp":1793937228899,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aesth Plast Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-025-05124-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T17:03:18Z","timestamp":1755709398000},"page":"6364-6371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nerve Block-Assisted Intradermal Injection of Tranexamic Acid, Vitamin C, and Glutathione for Melasma: A Split-Face Comparative Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Hongru","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuejie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liya","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"5124_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2021.1914313","volume":"33","author":"N Neagu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Neagu N, Conforti C, Agozzino M, Marangi GF, Morariu SH, Pellacani G, Persichetti P, Piccolo D, Segreto F, Zalaudek I, Dianzani C. Melasma treatment: a systematic review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33:1816\u201337.","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"5124_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-017-0194-1","volume":"7","author":"OA Ogbechie-Godec","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ogbechie-Godec OA, Elbuluk N. Melasma: an up-to-date comprehensive review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2017;7:305\u201318.","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther (Heidelb)"},{"key":"5124_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12684","volume":"31","author":"T Passeron","year":"2018","unstructured":"Passeron T, Picardo M. Melasma, a photoaging disorder. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2018;31:461\u20135.","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"5124_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060824","author":"SH Kwon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kwon SH, Hwang YJ, Lee SK, Park KC. Heterogeneous pathology of melasma and its clinical implications. Int J Mol Sci. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms17060824.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5124_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1276906","volume":"14","author":"W Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen W, Wan Y, Sun Y, Gao C, Li J. Prevalence of depression in melasma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2023;14: 1276906.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"5124_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1975.01630130042004","volume":"111","author":"AM Kligman","year":"1975","unstructured":"Kligman AM, Willis I. A new formula for depigmenting human skin. Arch Dermatol. 1975;111:40\u20138.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19455","volume":"37","author":"C Bertold","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bertold C, Fontas E, Singh T, Gastaut N, Ruitort S, Wehrlen Pugliese S, Passeron T. Efficacy and safety of a novel triple combination cream compared to Kligman\u2019s trio for melasma: a 24-week double-blind prospective randomized controlled trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023;37:2601\u20137.","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"5124_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12276640","volume":"109","author":"M Denda","year":"1997","unstructured":"Denda M, Kitamura K, Elias PM, Feingold KR. Trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexane carboxylic acid (T-AMCHA), an anti-fibrinolytic agent, accelerates barrier recovery and prevents the epidermal hyperplasia induced by epidermal injury in hairless mice and humans. J Invest Dermatol. 1997;109:84\u201390.","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5178.110593","volume":"4","author":"PS Telang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Telang PS. Vitamin c in dermatology. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2013;4:143\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"5124_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2494.2005.00235.x","volume":"27","author":"CD Villarama","year":"2005","unstructured":"Villarama CD, Maibach HI. Glutathione as a depigmenting agent: an overview. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2005;27:147\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Cosmet Sci"},{"key":"5124_CR11","first-page":"2823","volume":"31","author":"C Feng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Feng C, Yan M. Clinical observation on tranexamic acid combined with reduced glutathione for the treatment of chloasma. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2018;31:2823\u20136.","journal-title":"Pak J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"5124_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12874","volume":"18","author":"F Iraji","year":"2019","unstructured":"Iraji F, Nasimi M, Asilian A, Faghihi G, Mozafarpoor S, Hafezi H. Efficacy of mesotherapy with tranexamic acid and ascorbic acid with and without glutathione in treatment of melasma: a split face comparative trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019;18:1416\u201321.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2019.04.005","volume":"37","author":"K Strnadova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strnadova K, Sandera V, Dvorankova B, Kodet O, Duskova M, Smetana K, Lacina L. Skin aging: the dermal perspective. Clin Dermatol. 2019;37:326\u201335.","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4131395","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4131395","volume":"2016","author":"FJ Ropero Pel\u00e1ez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ropero Pel\u00e1ez FJ, Taniguchi S. The gate theory of pain revisited: modeling different pain conditions with a parsimonious neurocomputational model. Neural Plast. 2016;2016:4131395.","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"5124_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s13671-012-0007-9","volume":"1","author":"NB Countryman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Countryman NB, Hanke CW. Practical review of peripheral nerve blocks in dermatologic surgery of the face. Curr Dermatol Rep. 2012;1:49\u201354.","journal-title":"Curr Dermatol Rep"},{"key":"5124_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.09024.x","volume":"160","author":"CB Halldin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Halldin CB, Paoli J, Sandberg C, Gonzalez H, Wennberg AM. Nerve blocks enable adequate pain relief during topical photodynamic therapy of field cancerization on the forehead and scalp. Br J Dermatol. 2009;160:795\u2013800.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.10.051","volume":"64","author":"AG Pandya","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pandya AG, Hynan LS, Bhore R, Riley FC, Guevara IL, Grimes P, Nordlund JJ, Rendon M, Taylor S, Gottschalk RW, Agim NG, Ortonne J-P. Reliability assessment and validation of the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) and a new modified MASI scoring method. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64:78-83.e72.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00863-2","volume":"25","author":"C Gan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gan C, Rodrigues M. An update on new and existing treatments for the management of melasma. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2024;25:717\u201333.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.7104","volume":"22","author":"S Desai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Desai S, Chan L, Handog E, Djojoseputro L, Lim J, Ling R, Nguyen H, Tam E, Tang J, Thng S, Tran H. Optimizing melasma management with topical tranexamic acid: an expert consensus. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22:386\u201392.","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14942","volume":"21","author":"JC Martinez-Rico","year":"2022","unstructured":"Martinez-Rico JC, Chavez-Alvarez S, Herz-Ruelas ME, Sosa-Colunga SA, Ocampo-Candiani J, Suro-Santos Y, Vazquez Martinez O. Oral tranexamic acid with a triple combination cream versus oral tranexamic acid monotherapy in the treatment of severe melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21:3451\u20137.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2801","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14532","volume":"21","author":"B Debasmita","year":"2022","unstructured":"Debasmita B, Raj C, Ishan A, Ipsita D. A prospective randomized controlled trial of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser with topical 3% tranexamic acid (TA) versus microneedling with topical 3% tranexamic acid (TA) in treatment of melasma. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21:2801\u20137.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e373","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.13575","volume":"62","author":"AY Badran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Badran AY, Ali AU, Gomaa AS. Efficacy of topical versus intradermal injection of tranexamic acid in Egyptian melasma patients: a randomised clinical trial. Australas J Dermatol. 2021;62:e373\u20139.","journal-title":"Australas J Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12122082","volume":"12","author":"R Speeckaert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Speeckaert R, Bulat V, Speeckaert MM, van Geel N. The impact of antioxidants on vitiligo and melasma: a scoping review and meta-analysis. Antioxidants. 2023;12:2082.","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"5124_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14538","volume":"21","author":"Y El Attar","year":"2022","unstructured":"El Attar Y, Doghaim N, El Far N, El Hedody S, Hawwam SA. Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid versus vitamin c after microneedling in treatment of melasma: clinical and dermoscopic study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022;21:2817\u201325.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13112","volume":"19","author":"H Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao H, Li M, Zhang X, Li L, Yan Y, Wang B. Comparing the efficacy of Myjet-assisted tranexamic acid and vitamin C in treating melasma: a split-face controlled trial. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2020;19:47\u201354.","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"5124_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9080866","author":"JM Pullar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pullar JM, Carr AC, Vissers MCM. The roles of vitamin C in skin health. Nutrients. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9080866.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"5124_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.4103\/0378-6323.179088","volume":"82","author":"S Sonthalia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sonthalia S, Daulatabad D, Sarkar R. Glutathione as a skin whitening agent: facts, myths, evidence and controversies. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2016;82:262\u201372.","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5124_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2024.0187","volume":"27","author":"L-Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen L-Y, Kang Y-N, Hoang KD, Chen K-H, Chen C. Intradermal injection of tranexamic acid for the treatment of adult melasma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fac Plast Surg Aesthet Med. 2025;27(4):305\u201312.","journal-title":"Fac Plast Surg Aesthet Med"},{"key":"5124_CR29","unstructured":"Yao PY, Alvarado AC, Schaefer TJ. Infraorbital nerve block In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. 2024."},{"key":"5124_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0429","volume":"88","author":"CB Halldin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Halldin CB, Paoli J, Sandberg C, Ericson MB, Wennberg AM. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for pain relief during photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88:311\u20133.","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"5124_CR31","unstructured":"Mahan M, Flor R, Purt B. Local and regional anesthesia in ophthalmology and ocular trauma In: StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. 2024."},{"key":"5124_CR32","first-page":"795","volume":"40","author":"MA Pogrel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pogrel MA. Permanent nerve damage from inferior alveolar nerve blocks: a current update. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2012;40:795\u20137.","journal-title":"J Calif Dent Assoc"}],"container-title":["Aesthetic Plastic Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00266-025-05124-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00266-025-05124-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00266-025-05124-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T15:04:41Z","timestamp":1766588681000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00266-025-05124-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-025-05124-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-216X","1432-5241"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-216X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-5241","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and publication of this article. This study was conducted in compliance with the principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"For this study, ethical approval has been obtained. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and the reference number for their judgment is IRB2024-364.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animals Participants"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}