{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:11:20Z","timestamp":1792782680807,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wild Deserts Partnership Project"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environmental Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adaptive management has long been advocated as a framework of choice for addressing the complexities and uncertainties of natural resource management. Despite its theoretical appeal, successful implementation remains elusive, with many documented barriers and limited operational examples. This paper examines Strategic Adaptive Management (SAM), a long-running adaptive management program originating from the Kruger National Park in South Africa. SAM\u2019s formulation in the 1990s drew on principles from value-based business planning and adaptive management, emphasizing the co-defining of a desired state or aspirational outcome that incorporates societal values, management pragmatism and scientific rigor. Following a case study approach, we analyze SAM\u2019s conceptual evolution and geographic spread through a bibliographic synthesis including operational and trialed case examples spanning rivers, protected areas and rural landscapes. We identify three parallel streams of development, in South Africa\u2019s national parks, Australia and the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Experiences, including strengths and weaknesses, from these streams were used to characterize present-day SAM and its iterative cycles of envisioning a desired state, considering management options, implementing actions, reviewing outcomes and adapting, alongside omnipresent co-learning and reflection. Additionally, the paper contextualizes SAM within the broad application of adaptive management, including active- and passive adaptive management, adaptive co-management and Conservation Standards, highlighting similarities and opportunities for cross-learning. Our synthesis underscores SAM\u2019s transparency, scalability and value in fostering stakeholder collaboration and co-learning across diverse environmental contexts. SAM offers a robust framework for achieving strategic, vision-oriented management amidst uncertainty, even with implementation challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-025-02272-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T16:12:05Z","timestamp":1757002325000},"page":"2521-2539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Strategic Adaptive Management for Transparency, Accountability and Learning: Insights from More Than a Quarter Century of Practice"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"75","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7809-0446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk J.","family":"Roux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6565-4134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard T.","family":"Kingsford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3954-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Cockburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2272_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.10.063","volume":"92","author":"CR Allen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allen CR, Gunderson LH (2011) Pathology and failure in the design and implementation of adaptive management. J Environ Manag 92:1379\u20131384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.10.063.","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"issue":"5","key":"2272_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.11.019","volume":"92","author":"CR Allen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Allen CR, Fontaine JJ, Pope KL, Garmestani AS (2011) Adaptive management for a turbulent future. J Environ Manag 92(5):1339\u20131345.","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"2272_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen CR, Garmestani AS (2015) Adaptive management. In: Allen CR, Garmestani AS (eds) Adaptive Management of Social-Ecological Systems. Springer, Berlin, pp 1-10.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9682-8_1"},{"key":"2272_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnc.2015.05.004","volume":"26","author":"BP Anthony","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anthony BP, Swemmer L (2015) Co-defining program success: Identifying objectives and indicators for a livestock damage compensation scheme at Kruger National Park, South Africa. J Nat Conserv 26:65\u201377.","journal-title":"J Nat Conserv"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1890\/070089","volume":"7","author":"DR Armitage","year":"2009","unstructured":"Armitage DR, Plummer R, Berkes F, Arthur RI, Charles AT, Davidson-Hunt IJ, Diduck AP, Doubleday NC, Johnson DS, Marschke M, McConney P (2009) Adaptive co-management for social\u2013ecological complexity. Front Ecol Environ 7(2):95\u2013102.","journal-title":"Front Ecol Environ"},{"key":"2272_CR6","unstructured":"Armitage D, Berkes F, Doubleday N (eds) (2010) Adaptive co-management: collaboration, learning, and multi-level governance. UBC Press."},{"key":"2272_CR7","unstructured":"AWARD (2019) Harnessing monitoring and evaluation for learning: Experiences from the RESILIM-O Program. Association for Water and Rural Development (AWARD), Hoedspruit. Available Online: http:\/\/award.org.za\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/AWARD-Brochure-Print-Harnessing-Monitoring-Evaluation-for-Learning-2019-v3.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"2272_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12023","volume":"15","author":"LJ Baumgartner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baumgartner LJ, Conallin J, Wooden I, Campbell B, Gee R, Robinson WA, Mallen-Cooper M (2014) Using flow guilds of freshwater fish in an adaptive management framework to simplify environmental flow delivery for semi-arid riverine systems. Fish Fish 15(3):410\u2013427.","journal-title":"Fish Fish"},{"key":"2272_CR9","volume-title":"Navigating social\u2013ecological systems","author":"F Berkes","year":"2003","unstructured":"Berkes, F, Colding, J, Folke, C, 2003. Navigating social\u2013ecological systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"2272_CR10","unstructured":"Berkes F, Folke C (1998) Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability. In: Berkes F, Folke C, Colding J (eds) Linking Social and Ecological Systems: Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 1\u201325."},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v56i2.1164","volume":"56","author":"D Biggs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Biggs D, Swemmer L, Phillips G, Stevens J, Freitag S, Grant R (2014) The development of a tourism research framework by South African National Parks to inform management. Koedoe 56(2):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"key":"2272_CR12","unstructured":"Biggs H, Clifford-Holmes JK, Conde-Aller L, Lunderstedt K, Mtati N, Palmer CG, Powell M, Rosenberg E, Rowntree K, van der Waal B, Wolff M (2019) The Tsitsa Project (previously NLEIP*) research and praxis strategy: Resource library (version 2) informing plans for 2018-2021. Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown."},{"key":"2272_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Biggs H, Ferreira S, Freitag-Ronaldson S, Grant-Biggs R (2011a) Taking stock after a decade: Does the \u2018thresholds of potential concern\u2019 concept need a socioecological revamp? Koedoe 53(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1002","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1002"},{"key":"2272_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Biggs HC, Breen C, Slotow R, Freitag S, Hockings M (2011b) How assessment and reflection relate to more effective learning in adaptive management. Koedoe 53(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1001","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1001"},{"key":"2272_CR15","unstructured":"Biggs HC, Rogers KH (2003) An adaptive system to link science, monitoring and management in practice. In: du Toit JT, Rogers KH, Biggs HC (eds.) The Kruger experience. Ecology and management of savanna heterogeneity. Island Press, Washington DC, pp. 59\u221280."},{"key":"2272_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biggs HC, Slotow R, Scholes RJ, Carruthers J, van Aarde R, Kerley GHI, Twine G, Grobler DG, Berthshinger H, Grant CC, L\u00f6tter HPP, Blignaut J, Hopkinson L, Peel M (2008) Towards Integrated Decision-Making for Elephant Management. In Scholes RJ, Mennell KG (eds) Elephant management: A scientific assessment for South Africa. Wits University Press, Johannesburg, pp. 537\u2013586.","DOI":"10.18772\/22008034792.23"},{"key":"2272_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsd.2019.02.008","volume":"8","author":"L Bouchet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bouchet L, Thoms MC, Parsons M (2019) Groundwater as a social-ecological system: A framework for managing groundwater in Pacific Small Island Developing States. Groundw Sustain Dev 8:579\u2013589.","journal-title":"Groundw Sustain Dev"},{"key":"2272_CR18","unstructured":"Breen CM, Dent M, Jaganyi J, Madikizela B, Mganabeharie J, Ndlovu A, O\u2019Keeffe J, Rogers KH, Uys M, Venter F (2000) The Kruger National Park Rivers Research Programme. WRC Report No. TT 130\/00, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa."},{"key":"2272_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3390\/cli10020013","volume":"10","author":"MB Brown","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brown MB, Morrison JC, Schulz TT, Cross MS, P\u00fcschel-Hoeneisen N, Suresh V, Eguren A (2022) Using the conservation standards framework to address the effects of climate change on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Climate 10:13.","journal-title":"Climate"},{"key":"2272_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10739-007-9147-3","volume":"41","author":"J Carruthers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carruthers J (2008) Conservation and wildlife management in South African national parks 1930s\u20131960s. J Hist Biol 41:203\u2013236.","journal-title":"J Hist Biol"},{"key":"2272_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carruthers J (2017) National Park Science: a Century of Research in South Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108123471"},{"issue":"4","key":"2272_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3390\/land7040129","volume":"7","author":"J Cockburn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cockburn J, Palmer CTG, Biggs H, Rosenberg E (2018) Navigating multiple tensions for engaged praxis in a complex social-ecological system. Land 7(4):129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land7040129.","journal-title":"Land"},{"issue":"4","key":"2272_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-11085-240432","volume":"24","author":"J Cockburn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cockburn J, Cundill G, Shackleton S, Rouget M, Zwinkels M, Cornelius S, Metcalfe L, van den Broeck D (2019) Collaborative stewardship in multifunctional landscapes: toward relational, pluralistic approaches. Ecol Soc 24(4):32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-11085-240432.","journal-title":"Ecol Soc"},{"key":"2272_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-018-1091-9","volume":"62","author":"J Conallin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Conallin J, Campbell J, Baumgartner L (2018a) Using strategic adaptive management to facilitate implementation of environmental flow programs in complex social-ecological systems. Environ Manag 62:955\u2013967.","journal-title":"Environ Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"2272_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-017-0940-2","volume":"61","author":"J Conallin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Conallin J, McLoughlin CA, Campbell J, Knight R, Bright T, Fisher I (2018b) Stakeholder participation in freshwater monitoring and evaluation programs: applying thresholds of potential concern within environmental flows. Environ Manag 61(3):408\u2013420.","journal-title":"Environ Manag"},{"key":"2272_CR26","unstructured":"Conservation Measures Partnership (2020) Open standards for the practice of conservation. Version 4.0. www.conservationmeasures.org"},{"key":"2272_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.05.005","volume":"27","author":"TL Cumming","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cumming TL, Shackleton RT, F\u00f6rster J, Dini J, Khan A, Gumula M, Kubiszewski I (2017) Achieving the national development agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through investment in ecological infrastructure: A case study of South Africa. Ecosyst Serv 27:253\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoser.2017.05.005.","journal-title":"Ecosyst Serv"},{"key":"2272_CR28","unstructured":"Fabricius C, Biggs HC, Powell M (2016) Research investment strategy: Ntabelanga and Lalini Ecological Infrastructure Project (NLEIP). Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Grahamstown."},{"key":"2272_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1614\/0890-037X(2004)018[1275:AAMFFL]2.0.CO;2","volume":"1","author":"LC Foxcroft","year":"2004","unstructured":"Foxcroft LC (2004) An adaptive management framework for linking science and management of invasive alien plants. Weed Technol 1:1275\u20131277.","journal-title":"Weed Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v51i1.157","volume":"51","author":"LC Foxcroft","year":"2009","unstructured":"Foxcroft LC (2009) Developing thresholds of potential concern for invasive alien species: hypotheses and concepts. Koedoe 51(1):11\u201316.","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"key":"2272_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Foxcroft LC, McGeoch M (2011) Implementing invasive species management in an adaptive management framework. Koedoe 53(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1006","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1006"},{"key":"2272_CR32","unstructured":"Frame, JDG, Clifford-Holmes, JK, Dr K Winter, K and Davies, J 2018. The application of strategic adaptive management in the water services sector. Water Research Commission No. 1123b\/1\/17."},{"key":"2272_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-06338-190325","volume":"19","author":"S Freitag","year":"2014","unstructured":"Freitag S, Biggs H, Breen C (2014) The spread and maturation of strategic adaptive management within and beyond South African national parks. Ecol Soc 19:25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-06338-190325.","journal-title":"Ecol Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"2272_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.3051","volume":"41","author":"A Fry","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fry A, Clifford-Holmes J, Palmer C (2023) A systemic analysis of participatory land and water governance in the Tsitsa river catchment, South Africa. Syst Res Behav Sci 41(5):771\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sres.3051.","journal-title":"Syst Res Behav Sci"},{"key":"2272_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gillson L, Biggs H, Smit IP, Virah-Sawmy M, Rogers K (2018) Finding common ground between adaptive management and evidence-based approaches to biodiversity conservation. Trends Ecol Evolut 34(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tree.2018.10.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2018.10.003"},{"key":"2272_CR36","volume-title":"Barriers and bridges to the renewal of regional ecosystems","author":"LH Gunderson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gunderson, LH, Holling, CS, Light, SS, 1995. Barriers and bridges to the renewal of regional ecosystems. Columbia University Press, New York, New York, USA."},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/14486563.2016.1251857","volume":"24","author":"L Hasselman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hasselman L (2017) Adaptive management; adaptive co-management; adaptive governance: what\u2019s the difference?. Australas J Environ Manag 24(1):31\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14486563.2016.1251857.","journal-title":"Australas J Environ Manag"},{"key":"2272_CR38","volume-title":"Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management","author":"CS Holling","year":"1978","unstructured":"Holling, CS, 1978. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK."},{"key":"2272_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-001-0101-5","volume":"4","author":"CS Holling","year":"2001","unstructured":"Holling CS (2001) Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological and social systems. Ecosystems 4:390\u2013405.","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1996.10020328.x","volume":"10","author":"CS Holling","year":"1996","unstructured":"Holling CS, Meffe GK (1996) Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management. Conserv Biol 10(2):328\u2013337.","journal-title":"Conserv Biol"},{"key":"2272_CR41","unstructured":"Human JS (2020) Developing social indicators for the evaluation of natural resource management programmes using a capability approach in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Masters in Education Thesis. Rhodes University, Makhanda. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10962\/147348."},{"key":"2272_CR42","volume-title":"Thinking: A Pathway to Creative Decision Making","author":"RL Keeney","year":"1992","unstructured":"Keeney RL (1992) Value-focused. Thinking: A Pathway to Creative Decision Making. Harvard University Press, Cambridge."},{"key":"2272_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1442-9993.2000.01036.x","volume":"25","author":"RT Kingsford","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kingsford RT (2000) Ecological impacts of dams, water diversions and river management on floodplain wetlands in Australia. Austral Ecol 25:109\u2013127.","journal-title":"Austral Ecol"},{"key":"2272_CR44","volume-title":"IUCN WCPA Taskforce","author":"RT Kingsford","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kingsford RT, Biggs HC (2012) Strategic adaptive management guidelines for effective conservation of freshwater ecosystems in and around protected areas of the world. IUCN WCPA Taskforce. Australian Wetlands and Rivers Centre, Sydney."},{"key":"2272_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.09.022","volume":"144","author":"RT Kingsford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kingsford RT, Biggs HC, Pollard SR (2011) Strategic Adaptive Management in freshwater protected areas and their rivers. Biol Conserv 144:1194\u20131203.","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"2272_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3043","DOI":"10.3390\/su13063043","volume":"13","author":"RT Kingsford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kingsford RT, McLoughlin CA, Brandle R, Bino G, Cockayne B, Schmarr D, Gotch T, McCann J (2021) Adaptive Management of Malkumba-Coongie Lakes Ramsar Site in Arid Australia\u2014A Free Flowing River and Wetland System. Sustainability 13:3043.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2272_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e268","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.268","volume":"3","author":"RT Kingsford","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kingsford RT, West RS, Pedler RD, Keith DA, Moseby KE, Read JL, Letnic M, Leggett KE, Ryall SR (2020) Strategic adaptive management planning\u2014Restoring a desert ecosystem by managing introduced species and native herbivores and reintroducing mammals. Conserv Sci Pr 3:e268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/csp2.268.","journal-title":"Conserv Sci Pr"},{"key":"2272_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kingsford RT, Roux DJ, McLoughlin CA, Conallin J (2017) Strategic Adaptive Management (SAM) of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams. In Datry T, Bonada N, Boulton A (eds) Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams: Ecology and Management. Academic Press, Burlington, pp. 535\u2013562.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803835-2.00021-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2017.08.0319","volume":"47","author":"RM Kreiling","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kreiling RM, Thoms MC, Richardson WB (2018) Beyond the edge: linking agricultural landscapes, stream networks, and best management practices. J Environ Qual 47(1):42\u201353.","journal-title":"J Environ Qual"},{"key":"2272_CR50","volume-title":"Compass and Gyroscope. Integrating politics and science for the environment.","author":"KN Lee","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lee, KN, 1993. Compass and Gyroscope. Integrating politics and science for the environment. Island Press, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"2272_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee KN (1999) Appraising adaptive management. Conserv Ecol 3(2):3. http:\/\/www.consecol.org\/vol3\/iss2\/art3\/.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00131-030203"},{"key":"2272_CR52","volume-title":"Fragile dominion: complexity and the commons","author":"SA Levin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Levin, SA, 1999. Fragile dominion: complexity and the commons. Helix Books, Cambridge, Massachusetts."},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297707","DOI":"10.1080\/26395916.2023.2297707","volume":"20","author":"H Lotz-Sisitka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lotz-Sisitka H, Pahl-Wostl C, Meissner R, Scholz G, Cockburn J, Jalasi EM, Stuart-Hill S, Palmer C (2024) Interrelated transformative process dynamics in the face of resource nexus challenges: an invitation towards cross case analysis. Ecosyst People 20(1):2297707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/26395916.2023.2297707.","journal-title":"Ecosyst People"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2022.08.009","volume":"38","author":"J M\u00e5nsson","year":"2023","unstructured":"M\u00e5nsson J, Eriksson L, Hodgson I, Elmberg J, Bunnefeld N, Hessel R, Johansson M, Liljeb\u00e4ck N, Nilsson L, Olsson C, P\u00e4rt T, Sandstr\u00f6m C, Tombre I, Redpath SM (2023) Understanding and overcoming obstacles in adaptive management. Trends Ecol Evolut 38(1):55\u201371.","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evolut"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-07303-200134","volume":"20","author":"CA McLoughlin","year":"2015","unstructured":"McLoughlin CA, Thoms MC (2015) Integrative learning for practicing adaptive resource management. Ecol Soc 20(1):34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-07303-200134.","journal-title":"Ecol Soc"},{"key":"2272_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3607","volume":"36","author":"CA McLoughlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"McLoughlin CA, Thoms MC, Parsons M (2020) Reflexive learning in adaptive management: A case study of environmental water management in the Murray Darling Basin, Australia. River Res Appl 36:681\u2013694. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rra.3607.","journal-title":"River Res Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a1663","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v63i1.1663","volume":"63","author":"CA McLoughlin","year":"2021","unstructured":"McLoughlin CA, Riddell ES, Petersen RM, Venter J (2021) Adaptive and transformative learning in environmental water management: Implementing the Crocodile River\u2019s Ecological Reserve in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Koedoe 63(1):a1663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/koedoe.v63i1.1663.","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"key":"2272_CR58","unstructured":"McLoughlin C, Mckenzie J, Rountree M, Grant R (2011) Implementation of strategic adaptive management for freshwater protection under the South African national water policy. Research Report 1797\/1, Water Research Commission. Pretoria."},{"key":"2272_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McLoughlin CA, Kingsford RT, Johnson W (2024) Learning consciousness in managing water for the environment, exemplified using Macquarie River and Marshes, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/MF24049","DOI":"10.1071\/MF24049"},{"key":"2272_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2021.03.016","volume":"139","author":"H Moyo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moyo H, Slotow R, Rouget M, Mugwedi L, Douwes E, Tsvuura Z, Tshabalala T (2021) Adaptive management in restoration initiatives: Lessons learned from some of South Africa\u2019s projects. South Afr J Bot 139:352\u2013361.","journal-title":"South Afr J Bot"},{"key":"2272_CR61","unstructured":"Mtati N (2020) Towards realising the benefits of citizen participation in environmental monitoring: a case study in an Eastern Cape Natural Resource Management Programme. Unpublished M.Ed. thesis. Rhodes University Environmental Learning Research Centre, Makhanda, South Africa: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10962\/167562"},{"key":"2272_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2016.08.005","volume":"66","author":"P Novellie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Novellie P, Biggs H, Roux D (2016) National laws and policies can enable or confound adaptive governance: examples from South African national parks. Environ Sci Policy 66:40\u201346.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"key":"2272_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2020.03.001","volume":"44","author":"MM N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Regueiro","year":"2020","unstructured":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Regueiro MM, Branch LC, Derlindati E, Gasparri I, Marinaro S, Nanni S, Godoy CN, Piquer-Rodr\u00edguez M, Soto JR, T\u00e1lamo A (2020) Open Standards for conservation as a tool for linking research and conservation agendas in complex socio-ecological systems. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 44:6\u201315.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Environ Sustain"},{"key":"2272_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.4178","volume":"40","author":"C Palmer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Palmer C, Tanner J, Akanmu J, Alamirew T, Bamutaze Y, Banadda N, Cleaver F, Faye S, Kabenge I, Kane A, Longe E (2023) The Adaptive Systemic Approach: Catalysing more just and sustainable outcomes from sustainability and natural resources development research. River Res Appl 40:1732\u20131746.","journal-title":"River Res Appl"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"2272_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2024\/19355","volume":"120","author":"CG Palmer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Palmer CG, Tanner J (2024) What does practising the Adaptive Systemic Approach offer engaged sustainability science?. South Afr J Sci 120(9-10):1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17159\/sajs.2024\/19355.","journal-title":"South Afr J Sci"},{"key":"2272_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ancene.2022.100320","volume":"37","author":"CG Palmer","year":"2022","unstructured":"Palmer CG, Fry A, Libala N, Ralekhetla M, Mtati N, Weaver M, Mtintsilana Z, Scherman PA (2022) Engaging society and building participatory governance in a rural landscape restoration context. Anthropocene 37:100320.","journal-title":"Anthropocene"},{"key":"2272_CR67","unstructured":"Palmer CG, Munnik V (2018) How to use Strategic Adaptive Management (SAM) and the Adaptive Planning Process (APP) to build a shared catchment future. Booklet No. 8 from: \u201cPractising Adaptive IWRM. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) in South Africa: Towards Practising a New Paradigm\u201d. Water Research Commission, Pretoria."},{"key":"2272_CR68","unstructured":"Palmer CG, Munnik V, du Toit D, Rogers KH, Pollard S, Hamer N, Weaver M, Retief H, Sahula A, O\u2019Keeffe JH (2018) Practising Adaptive IWRM (Integrated Water Resources Management) in South Africa. Report No. 2248\/1\/18, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa."},{"key":"2272_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parsons M, Thoms MC, Flotemersch J, Reid M (2016) Monitoring the Resilience of Rivers as Social-Ecological Systems: A Paradigm Shift for River Assessment in the Twenty-First Century. In: Gilvear DJ, Greenwood MT, Thoms MC, Wood PJ (eds) River Science: Research and Management for the 21st Century. John Wiley & Sons, Oxford, UK, pp 197-220","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118643525.ch10"},{"key":"2272_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6003-6","volume-title":"Enhancing the ecological basis of conservation: heterogeneity, ecosystems function and biodiversity","author":"STA Pickett","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pickett, STA, Ostfeld, RS, Shachak, M, Likens, GE, 1997. Enhancing the ecological basis of conservation: heterogeneity, ecosystems function and biodiversity. Chapman & Hall, New York, (eds)."},{"key":"2272_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plummer R, Crona B, Armitage DR, Olsson P, Teng\u00f6 M, Yudina O (2012) Adaptive comanagement: a systematic review and analysis. Ecol Soc 17:11. http:\/\/www.ecologyandsociety.org\/vol17\/iss3\/art11.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-04952-170311"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Art. #1011","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1011","volume":"53","author":"S Pollard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pollard S, Du Toit D, Biggs H (2011) River management under transformation: The emergence of strategic adaptive management of river systems in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 53(2):Art. #1011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1011.","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"key":"2272_CR73","unstructured":"Pollard SR and Du Toit DR (2007) Guidelines for strategic adaptive management: Experiences from managing the rivers of the Kruger National Park. Guidelines of UNEP\/GEF Project No. GF\/27-13-03-4679. Ecosystems, Protected Areas and People Project."},{"key":"2272_CR74","unstructured":"Powell M, Biggs H, Braack M, Ntabelanga, Lalini Ecological Infrastructure Project team (2018) Ntabelanga and Lalini ecological infrastructure project. In Nicklin S, Cornwell B, Trowbridge L (eds) A Better World Volume 3: Ensure Access to Water and Sanitation to All. Actions and Commitments to the Sustainable Development Goals. Tudor Rose, Leicester, UK, pp 83\u201387. https:\/\/www.humandevelopmentforum.org\/digital\/a-better-world-vol-3\/files\/assets\/common\/downloads\/publication.pdf"},{"key":"2272_CR75","unstructured":"Ralekhetla MM (2018) Investigating epistemic justice in an adaptive planning process: Towards developing a local catchment management strategy. Unpublished Master\u2019s thesis, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa."},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1017\/S0376892912000240","volume":"40","author":"L Rist","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rist L, Campbell BM, Frost P (2013a) Adaptive management: where are we now?. Environ Conserv 40(1):5\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0376892912000240.","journal-title":"Environ Conserv"},{"issue":"4","key":"2272_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-06183-180463","volume":"18","author":"L Rist","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rist L, Felton A, Samuelsson L, Sandstr\u00f6m C, Rosvall O (2013b) A new paradigm for adaptive management. Ecol Soc 18(4):63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5751\/ES-06183-180463.","journal-title":"Ecol Soc"},{"key":"2272_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2427.1999.00441.x","volume":"41","author":"K Rogers","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rogers K, Biggs H (1999) Integrating indicators, endpoints and value systems in strategic management of the rivers of the Kruger National Park. Freshw Biol 41:439\u2013451.","journal-title":"Freshw Biol"},{"key":"2272_CR79","volume-title":"A Framework for Developing and Implementing Management Plans for South African National Parks","author":"K Rogers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rogers, K, Sherwill, T, 2008. A Framework for Developing and Implementing Management Plans for South African National Parks. South African National Parks, Pretoria."},{"issue":"4","key":"2272_CR80","first-page":"505","volume":"26","author":"K Rogers","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rogers K, Roux D, Biggs H (2000a) Challenges for catchment management agencies: lessons from bureaucracies, business and resource management. Water SA 26(4):505\u2013512.","journal-title":"Water SA"},{"issue":"10","key":"2272_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8583","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-013-3197-0","volume":"185","author":"K Rogers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rogers K, Saintilan N, Colloff MJ, Wen L (2013) Application of thresholds of potential concern and limits of acceptable change in the condition assessment of a significant wetland. Environ Monit Assess 185(10):8583\u20138600.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.910","volume":"22","author":"KH Rogers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rogers KH (2006) The real river management challenge: integrating scientists, stakeholders and service agencies. River Res Appl 22(2):269\u2013280.","journal-title":"River Res Appl"},{"key":"2272_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers K (1998) Managing science\/management partnerships: a challenge of adaptive management. Conserv Ecol 2(2):R1. http:\/\/www.consecol.org\/vol2\/iss2\/resp1\/.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00072-0202r01"},{"key":"2272_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers K, Roux D, Biggs H (2000b) The value of visions and art of visionaries. Conserv Ecol 4(1):r1. http:\/\/www.consecol.org\/vol4\/iss1\/resp1\/.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00166-0401r01"},{"key":"2272_CR85","unstructured":"Rogers KH, Bestbier R (1997) Development of a protocol for the definition of the desired state of riverine systems in South Africa. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria."},{"key":"2272_CR86","unstructured":"Rogers KH, Luton R (2011) Strategic adaptive management as a framework for implementing integrated water resource management in South Africa. Report No. KV 245\/10, Water Research Commission, Pretoria."},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4102\/aej.v8i1.472","volume":"8","author":"E Rosenberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rosenberg E, Kotschy K (2020) Monitoring and evaluation in a changing world: A Southern African perspective on the skills needed for a new approach. Afr Evaluat J 8(1):10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/aej.v8i1.472.","journal-title":"Afr Evaluat J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2272_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1108\/HESWBL-03-2018-0041","volume":"8","author":"E Rosenberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosenberg E, Lotz-Sisitka HB, Ramsarup P (2018) The green economy learning assessment South Africa: Lessons for higher education, skills and work-based learning. High Educ Skills Work-Based Learn 8(3):243\u2013258.","journal-title":"High Educ Skills Work-Based Learn"},{"key":"2272_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243653","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2024.1243653","volume":"12","author":"E Rosenberg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rosenberg E, Mtati N, Cockburn J (2023) For Environmental Monitors, Relationships Matter in Multiple Ways: Insights from a research collaboration in South Africa. Front Environ Sci 12:1243653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2024.1243653.","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Art. #1049","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1049","volume":"53","author":"DJ Roux","year":"2011","unstructured":"Roux DJ, Foxcroft LC (2011) The development and application of strategic adaptive management within South African National Parks. Koedoe 53(2):Art. #1049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1049.","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"issue":"11","key":"2272_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e542","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.542","volume":"3","author":"DJ Roux","year":"2021","unstructured":"Roux DJ, Nel JL, Freitag S, Novellie P, Rosenberg E (2021) Evaluating and reflecting on coproduction of protected area management plans. Conserv Sci Pr 3(11):e542. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/csp2.542.","journal-title":"Conserv Sci Pr"},{"key":"2272_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113920","volume":"301","author":"DJ Roux","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roux DJ, Novellie P, Smit IPJ, De Kraker J, Mc Culloch-Jones S, Dziba LE, Freitag S, Pienaar DJ (2022) Appraising strategic adaptive management as a process of organizational learning. J Environ Manag 301:113920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2021.113920.","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"2272_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-023-01884-z","volume":"72","author":"DJ Roux","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roux DJ, Taplin M, Smit IPJ, Novellie P, Russell I, Nel JL, Freitag S, Rosenberg E (2023) Co-producing narratives and indicators as catalysts for adaptive governance of a common-pool resource within a protected area. Environ Manag 72:1111\u20131127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00267-023-01884-z.","journal-title":"Environ Manag"},{"key":"2272_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-011-2405-z","volume":"184","author":"N Saintilan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saintilan N, Imgraben S (2012) Principles for the monitoring and evaluation of wetland extent, condition and function in Australia. Environ Monit Assess 184:595\u2013606.","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Art. #999","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.999","volume":"53","author":"K Scheepers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Scheepers K, Swemmer L, Vermeulen WJ (2011) Applying adaptive management in resource use in South African National Parks: A case study approach. Koedoe 53(2):Art. #999. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.999.","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"issue":"3","key":"2272_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-8903.2004.00206.x","volume":"5","author":"ESG Schreiber","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schreiber ESG, Bearlin AR, Nicol SJ, Todd CR (2004) Adaptive management: a synthesis of current understanding and effective application. Ecol Manag Restor 5(3):177\u2013182.","journal-title":"Ecol Manag Restor"},{"key":"2272_CR97","unstructured":"Schwandt TA, Gates EF (2018) Case study methodology. In Denzin NK, Lincoln YS (eds.) The Sage handbook of qualitative research (5th edition). Sage, London, pp 341\u2013358."},{"key":"2272_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.06.014","volume":"155","author":"MW Schwartz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Schwartz MW, Deiner K, Forrester T, Grof-Tisza P, Muir MJ, Santos MJ, Souza LE, Wilkerson ML, Zylberberg M (2012) Perspectives on the Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation. Biol Conserv 155:169\u2013177.","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"key":"2272_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simons H (2009) Case study research in practice. Sage, London.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446268322"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.2989\/10220119.2019.1700161","volume":"37","author":"IPJ Smit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smit IPJ, Peel MJJ, Ferreira SM, Greaver C, Pienaar DJ (2020) Megaherbivore responses to droughts under different management regimes: Lessons from a large African savanna. Afr J Range Forage Sci 37(1):65\u201380.","journal-title":"Afr J Range Forage Sci"},{"key":"2272_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125009","volume":"588","author":"CM Steinfeld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steinfeld CM, Sharma A, Mehrotra R, Kingsford RT (2020) The human dimension of water availability: Influence of management rules on water supply for irrigated agriculture and the environment. J Hydrol 588:125009.","journal-title":"J Hydrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Art. #1007","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1007","volume":"53","author":"RJ Stirzaker","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stirzaker RJ, Roux DJ, Biggs HC (2011) Learning to bridge the gap between adaptive management and organisational culture. Koedoe 53(2):Art. #1007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1007.","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"issue":"4","key":"2272_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.14362","volume":"60","author":"T Strydom","year":"2023","unstructured":"Strydom T, Smit IPJ, Govender N, Coetsee C, Singh J, Davies AB, van Wilgen BW (2023) High-intensity fires may have limited medium-term effectiveness for reversing woody plant encroachment in an African savanna. J Appl Ecol 60(4):661\u2013672.","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/08941920.2014.945055","volume":"28","author":"L Swemmer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Swemmer L, Grant R, Annecke W, Freitag-Ronaldson S (2015) Toward more effective benefit sharing in South African National Parks. Soc Nat Resour 28(1):4\u201320.","journal-title":"Soc Nat Resour"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Art. #1017","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1017","volume":"53","author":"LK Swemmer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Swemmer LK, Taljaard S (2011) SANParks, people and adaptive management: Understanding a diverse field of practice during changing times. Koedoe 53(2):Art. #1017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.1017.","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"key":"2272_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.2975","volume":"32","author":"JL Swirepik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Swirepik JL, Burns IC, Dyer FJ, Neave IA, O\u2019Brien MG, Pryde GM, Thompson RM (2016) Establishing Environmental Water Requirements for the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia\u2019s Largest Developed River System. River Res Appl 32:1153\u20131165.","journal-title":"River Res Appl"},{"key":"2272_CR107","unstructured":"Tsitsa Project, Clifford-Holmes J, Van Der Waal B, Cockburn J, Biggs H, Wolff M (2021a) The Tsitsa Approach to Sustainable Land Management and Rehabilitation. Tsitsa Project Practice and Policy Brief #1. Tsitsa Project, Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda. Available online: https:\/\/www.ru.ac.za\/media\/rhodesuniversity\/content\/tsitsaproject\/digitalpublications\/documents\/Tsitsa_Project_PPB_1_The_Tsitsa_Approach_to_Sustainable_Land_Management_and_Rehabilitation.pdf"},{"key":"2272_CR108","unstructured":"Tsitsa Project, Kotschy K, Cockburn J, Conde-Aller L, Rosenberg E (2021b) Participatory Monitoring, Evaluation, Reflection and Learning (PMERL): Building a Participatory and Sustainable System for Evaluating Impact. Tsitsa Project Practice and Policy Brief #5. Tsitsa Project, Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda. https:\/\/www.ru.ac.za\/media\/rhodesuniversity\/content\/tsitsaproject\/digitalpublications\/documents\/Tsitsa_Project_PPB_5_Participatory_Monitoing,_Evaluation,_Reflection_and_Learning.pdf"},{"key":"2272_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-007-9116-x","volume":"11","author":"FJ Venter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Venter FJ, Naiman RJ, Biggs HC, Pienaar DJ (2008) The evolution of conservation management philosophy: Science, environmental change and social adjustments in Kruger National Park. Ecosystems 11:173\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10021-007-9116-x.","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"key":"2272_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walker B, Holling CS, Carpenter SR, Kinzig A (2004) Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social\u2013ecological systems. Ecol Soc 9(2):5. http:\/\/www.ecologyandsociety.org\/vol9\/iss2\/art5.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00650-090205"},{"key":"2272_CR111","volume-title":"Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources","author":"CJ Walters","year":"1986","unstructured":"Walters, CJ, 1986. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources. Macmillan, New York, USA."},{"issue":"4","key":"2272_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2007)36[304:IAMHTS]2.0.CO;2","volume":"36","author":"CJ Walters","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walters CJ (2007) Is adaptive management helping to solve fisheries problems?. AMBIO: A J Hum Environ 36(4):304\u2013308.","journal-title":"AMBIO: A J Hum Environ"},{"key":"2272_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.2307\/1938620","volume":"71","author":"CJ Walters","year":"1990","unstructured":"Walters CJ, Holling CS (1990) Large-scale management experiments and learning by doing. Ecology 71:2060\u20132068.","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"2272_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walters C (1997) Challenges in adaptive management of riparian and coastal ecosystems. Conserv Ecol 1(2):1. http:\/\/www.consecol.org\/vol1\/iss2\/art1\/.","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-00026-010201"},{"issue":"1","key":"2272_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278307","DOI":"10.1080\/26395916.2023.2278307","volume":"19","author":"MJT Weaver","year":"2023","unstructured":"Weaver MJT, Cockburn J, Mtati N, Palmer CG (2023) Exploring transformative processes at the intersections of land, water and livelihoods: a case study from the Tsitsa Project, South Africa. Ecosyst People 19(1):2278307.","journal-title":"Ecosyst People"},{"key":"2272_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2012.08.016","volume":"158","author":"MJ Westgate","year":"2013","unstructured":"Westgate MJ, Likens GE, Lindenmayer DB (2013) Adaptive management of biological systems: a review. Biol Conserv 158:128\u2013139.","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"4","key":"2272_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.05.006","volume":"144","author":"BW Van Wilgen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Wilgen BW, Biggs HC (2011) A critical assessment of adaptive ecosystem management in a large savanna protected area in South Africa. Biol Conserv 144(4):1179\u20131187.","journal-title":"Biol Conserv"},{"issue":"2","key":"2272_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Art. #982","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.982","volume":"53","author":"BW Van Wilgen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Van Wilgen BW, Govender N, Forsyth GG, Kraaij T (2011) Towards adaptive fire management for biodiversity conservation: Experience in South African National Parks. Koedoe 53(2):Art. #982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/koedoe.v53i2.982.","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"issue":"4","key":"2272_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12658","DOI":"10.1111\/csp2.12658","volume":"4","author":"BW Van Wilgen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Van Wilgen BW, Strydom T, Simms C, Smit IPJ (2022) Research, monitoring, and reflection as a guide to the management of complex ecosystems: The case of fire in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Conserv Sci Pr 4(4):e12658.","journal-title":"Conserv Sci Pr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2272_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2010.10.041","volume":"92","author":"BK Williams","year":"2011","unstructured":"Williams BK (2011) Adaptive management of natural resources\u2014framework and issues. J Environ Manag 92(5):1346\u20131353.","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"key":"2272_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/07900627.2020.1867520","volume":"38","author":"R Woods","year":"2022","unstructured":"Woods R, Woods I, Fitzsimons JA (2022) Water and land justice for Indigenous communities in the Lowbidgee Floodplain of the Murray\u2013Darling Basin, Australia. Int J Water Resour Dev 38:64\u201379.","journal-title":"Int J Water Resour Dev"}],"container-title":["Environmental Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00267-025-02272-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00267-025-02272-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00267-025-02272-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T20:03:22Z","timestamp":1758657802000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00267-025-02272-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00267-025-02272-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-152X","1432-1009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-152X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}