{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T12:11:50Z","timestamp":1778587910013,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environmental Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The recovery of degraded peatlands can make significant contributions to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and climate warming. This study examines restoration techniques on shallow ex-milled peatland and intensively grazed pasture on deeper peat, both subject to prior drainage. Carbon greenhouse gases (GHGs) were monitored for 3 years following restoration treatment. After drainage-blocking measures, the ex-milled peatland was \u2018companion planted\u2019 with\n                    <jats:italic>Eriophorum<\/jats:italic>\n                    species and\n                    <jats:italic>Sphagnum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The carbon balance was highly dependent on plant age and condition, with a high CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    equivalent (CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e) uptake when plants were vigorously growing (year 1: \u221222.4\u2009\u00b1\u200932.9 t CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), and high emission when plants were mature and in various stages of senescence (year 2: 26.1\u2009\u00b1\u200926.4 and year 3: 16.4\u2009\u00b1\u20099.7 t CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Bare peat controls had a mean emission of 6.21\u2009\u00b1\u20091.68 t CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    over the study period. At the other site, the grazed pasture was stripped, the bare surface planted with\n                    <jats:italic>Sphagnum<\/jats:italic>\n                    plugs, and irrigation was intensively managed via bunding, ditches, and automatic water pumping. Carbon GHG emissions were significantly reduced on this \u2018carbon farm\u2019 (2.77\u2009\u00b1\u20090.95 t CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) compared to a neighbouring drained, grazed pasture control (31.7\u2009\u00b1\u200910.3 t CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e ha\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    yr\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) over the study period (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD throughout). It appears clear that the cyclical nature of\n                    <jats:italic>Eriophorum<\/jats:italic>\n                    plant growth may only deliver carbon benefits on shallow peat over the long term if groundwater levels can be adequately supported and if climatic conditions are favourable. Conversion of grazed pasture to wetter farming crops, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Sphagnum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , can potentially deliver immediate carbon benefits, although, in this pilot, any potential loss of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    e due to degraded topsoil removal, creation of bunds and irrigation ditches was not accounted for.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-026-02445-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T05:15:06Z","timestamp":1775884506000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Carbon Fluxes of Contrasting Degraded Peatland Pilot Sites During Early-stage Restoration: Ex-milled Bare Peat and Grazed Grassland Conversion"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4745-1488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna T.","family":"Keightley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8403-2848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Longden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4963-5360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon J. M.","family":"Caporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2445_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2012.10.003","volume":"57","author":"R Andersen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Andersen R, Chapman SJ, Artz RRE (2013) Microbial communities in natural and disturbed peatlands: A review. Soil Biol Biochem 57:979\u2013994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soilbio.2012.10.003.","journal-title":"Soil Biol Biochem"},{"issue":"11","key":"2445_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-21-2669-2024","volume":"21","author":"M van den Berg","year":"2024","unstructured":"van den Berg M, Gremmen TM, Vroom RJ, van Huissteden J, Boonman J, van Huissteden CJ, van der Velde Y, Smolders AJ, van de Riet BP (2024) A case study on topsoil removal and rewetting for paludiculture: effect on biogeochemistry and greenhouse gas emissions from Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia, and Azolla filiculoides. Biogeosciences 21(11):2669\u20132690. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/bg-21-2669-2024.","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"2445_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-12-2101-2015","volume":"12","author":"C Beyer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beyer C, H\u00f6per H (2015) Greenhouse gas exchange of rewetted bog peat extraction sites and a Sphagnum cultivation site in northwest Germany. Biogeosciences 12:2101\u20132117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/bg-12-2101-2015.","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"2445_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6785-13-32","volume":"13","author":"GS Bhullar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bhullar GS, Iravani M, Edwards PJ, Venterink HO (2013) Methane transport and emissions from soil as affected by water table and vascular plants. BMC Ecol 13:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6785-13-32.","journal-title":"BMC Ecol"},{"key":"2445_CR5","unstructured":"Bojko O, Kaba\u0142a C (2014) Loss-on-ignition as an estimate of total organic carbon in the mountain soils. Pol J Soil Sci 47(2)."},{"key":"2445_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquabot.2022.103598","volume":"184","author":"CF Boonman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boonman CF, Heuts TS, Vroom RJE, Geurts JJM, Fritz C (2023) Wetland plant development overrides nitrogen effects on initial methane emissions after peat rewetting. Aquat Bot 184:103598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquabot.2022.103598.","journal-title":"Aquat Bot"},{"key":"2445_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01859.x","volume":"172","author":"E Bortoluzzi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bortoluzzi E, Epron D, Siegenthaler A, Gilbert D, Buttler A (2006) Carbon balance of a European mountain bog at contrasting stages of regeneration. N Phytol 172:708\u2013718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01859.x.","journal-title":"N Phytol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2445_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(95)90007-1","volume":"10","author":"N van Breemen","year":"1995","unstructured":"van Breemen N (1995) How Sphagnum bogs down other plants. Trends Ecol Evol 10(7):270\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0169-5347(95)90007-1.","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2445_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-014-0392-x","volume":"55","author":"K Brouns","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brouns K, Eikelboom T, Jansen PC, Janssen R, Kwakernaak C, van den Akker JJ, Verhoeven JT (2015) Spatial analysis of soil subsidence in peat meadow areas in Friesland in relation to land and water management, climate change, and adaptation. Environ Manag 55(2):360\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00267-014-0392-x.","journal-title":"Environ Manag"},{"key":"2445_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-003-0125-0","volume":"6","author":"JL Bubier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bubier JL, Bhatia G, Moore TR, Roulet NT, Lafleur PM (2003) Spatial and temporal variability in growing-season net ecosystem carbon dioxide exchange at a large peatland in Ontario, Canada. Ecosyst 6:353\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10021-003-0125-0.","journal-title":"Ecosyst"},{"key":"2445_CR11","unstructured":"Care-Peat (2023) Care-Peat \u2013 restoring the carbon storage capacity of peatlands https:\/\/www.nweurope.eu\/projects\/project-search\/care-peat-carbon-loss-reduction-from-peatlands-an-integrated-approach\/ Accessed 15 June 2025."},{"key":"2445_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1984.0002","volume":"303","author":"RS Clymo","year":"1984","unstructured":"Clymo RS (1984) The limits to peat bog growth. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B 303:605\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.1984.0002.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B"},{"key":"2445_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135863","volume":"705","author":"AL Creevy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Creevy AL, Payne RJ, Andersen R, Rowson JG (2020) Annual gaseous carbon budgets of forest-to-bog restoration sites are strongly determined by vegetation composition. Sci Total Environ 705: 135863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135863.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2445_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162943","volume":"877","author":"C Daun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daun C, Huth V, Gaudig G, G\u00fcnther A, Krebs M, Jurasinski G (2023) Full-cycle greenhouse gas balance of a Sphagnum paludiculture site on former bog grassland in Germany. Sci Total Environ 877: 162943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162943.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"23","key":"2445_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4107","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11307","volume":"31","author":"SJ Dixon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dixon SJ, Kettridge N, Moore PA, Devito KJ, Tilak AS, Petrone RM, Mendoza CA, Waddington JM (2017) Peat depth as a control on moss water availability under evaporative stress. Hydrol Process 31(23):4107\u20134121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hyp.11307.","journal-title":"Hydrol Process"},{"key":"2445_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dossa GGO, Paudel E, Wang H, Cao K, Schaefer D, Harrison RD (2015) Correct calculation of CO2 effl ux using aclosed-chamber linked to a non-dispersive infrared gas analyser. Methods Ecol Evol 6(12):1435\u20131442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/2041-210X.12451.","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12451"},{"issue":"7860","key":"2445_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03523-1","volume":"593","author":"CD Evans","year":"2021","unstructured":"Evans CD, Peacock M, Baird AJ, Artz RRE, Burden A, Callaghan N, Chapman PJ, Cooper HM, Coyle M, Craig E, Cumming A (2021) Overriding water table control on managed peatland greenhouse gas emissions. Nature 593(7860):548\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03523-1.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2445_CR17","unstructured":"Evans C, Artz R, Moxley J, Smyth MA, Taylor E et al. (2017) Implementation of an emission inventory for UK peatlands, Report to the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor. 88."},{"key":"2445_CR18","unstructured":"Evans C, Morrison R, Burden A, Williamson J, Baird A et al. (2016) Lowland peatland systems in England and Wales \u2013 evaluating greenhouse gas fluxes and carbon balances, Final report to Defra on Project SP1210, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bangor."},{"issue":"12","key":"2445_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16152","volume":"28","author":"BW Freeman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Freeman BW, Evans CD, Musarika S, Morrison R, Newman TR, Page SE, Wiggs GF, Bell NG, Styles D, Wen Y, Chadwick DR (2022) Responsible agriculture must adapt to the wetland character of mid-latitude peatlands. Glob Chang Biol 28(12):3795\u20133811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.16152.","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"issue":"04","key":"2445_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.19189\/MaP.2016.OMB.238","volume":"20","author":"G Gaudig","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gaudig G, Krebs M, Joosten H (2017) Sphagnum farming on cut-over bog in NW Germany: Long-term studies on Sphagnum growth. Mires Peat 20(04):1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19189\/MaP.2016.OMB.238.","journal-title":"Mires Peat"},{"issue":"4","key":"2445_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/21606544.2018.1434562","volume":"7","author":"K Glenk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Glenk K, Martin-Ortega J (2018) The economics of peatland restoration. J Environ Econ Policy 7(4):345\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21606544.2018.1434562.","journal-title":"J Environ Econ Policy"},{"key":"2445_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2021.102323","volume":"70","author":"K Glenk","year":"2021","unstructured":"Glenk K, Faccioli M, Martin-Ortega J, Schulze C, Potts J (2021) The opportunity cost of delaying climate action: Peatland restoration and resilience to climate change. Glob Environ Change 70: 102323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2021.102323.","journal-title":"Glob Environ Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"2445_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15499-z","volume":"11","author":"A G\u00fcnther","year":"2020","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther A, Barthelmes A, Huth V, Joosten H, Jurasinski G, Koebsch F, Couwenberg J (2020) Prompt rewetting of drained peatlands reduces climate warming despite methane emissions. Nat Commun 11(1):1644. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-15499-z.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2445_CR24","first-page":"9","volume":"4","author":"\u00d8 Hammer","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hammer \u00d8, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2001) PAST: Paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 4(1):9.","journal-title":"Palaeontol Electron"},{"key":"2445_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2015.08.002","volume":"84","author":"SF Harpenslager","year":"2015","unstructured":"Harpenslager SF, van den Elzen E, Kox MA, Smolders AJ, Ettwig KF, Lamers LP (2015) Rewetting former agricultural peatlands: Topsoil removal as a prerequisite to avoid strong nutrient and greenhouse gas emissions. Ecol Eng 84:159\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2015.08.002.","journal-title":"Ecol Eng"},{"issue":"7","key":"2445_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1354-1013.2001.00440.x","volume":"7","author":"MM Heijmans","year":"2001","unstructured":"Heijmans MM, Arp WJ, Berendse F (2001) Effects of elevated CO2 and vascular plants on evapotranspiration in bog vegetation. Glob Chang Biol 7(7):817\u2013827. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1354-1013.2001.00440.x.","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"2445_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14981","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-12-1799-2015","volume":"11","author":"C Helfter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Helfter C, Campbell C, Dinsmore KJ, Drewer J, Coyle M, Anderson M, Skiba U, Nemitz E, Billett MF, Sutton MA (2014) Drivers of long-term variability in CO2 net ecosystem exchange in a temperate peatland. Biogeosci Discuss 11:14981\u201315018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/bg-12-1799-2015.","journal-title":"Biogeosci Discuss"},{"issue":"1837","key":"2445_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2005.1671","volume":"363","author":"J Holden","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holden J (2005) Peatland hydrology and carbon release: why small-scale process matters. Philos Trans R Soc A: Math, Phys Eng Sci 363(1837):2891\u20132913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsta.2005.1671.","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc A: Math, Phys Eng Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2445_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.201600493","volume":"180","author":"V Huth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huth V, Vaidya S, Hoffmann M, Jurisch N, G\u00fcnther A, Gundlach L, Hagemann U, Elsgaard L, Augustin J (2017) Divergent NEE balances from manual-chamber CO2 fluxes linked to different measurement and gap-filling strategies: A source for uncertainty of estimated terrestrial C sources and sinks? J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 180(3):302\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jpln.201600493.","journal-title":"J Plant Nutr Soil Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2445_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13490","volume":"20","author":"V Huth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huth V, G\u00fcnther A, Bartel A, Gutekunst C, Heinze S, Hofer B, Jacobs O, Koebsch F, Rosinski E, Tonn C, Ullrich K, Jurasinski G (2022) The climate benefits of topsoil removal and Sphagnum introduction in raised bog restoration. Restor Ecol 20(1):e13490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/rec.13490.","journal-title":"Restor Ecol"},{"key":"2445_CR31","unstructured":"IPCC (2014) 2013 Supplement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Wetlands, Hiraishi T, Krug T, Tanabe K, Srivastava N, Baasansuren J, Fukuda M & Troxler, TG (eds). IPCC, Switzerland."},{"issue":"1","key":"2445_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-024-06725-4","volume":"506","author":"C Jayasekara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jayasekara C, Leigh C, Shimeta J, Silvester E, Grover S (2025) Organic matter decomposition in mountain peatlands: effects of substrate quality and peatland degradation. Plant Soil 506(1):639\u2013654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11104-024-06725-4.","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"issue":"07","key":"2445_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.19189\/MaP.2016.OMB.224","volume":"17","author":"S Jordan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jordan S, Str\u00f6mgren M, Fiedler J (2016) Ecosystem respiration, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from ecotopes in a rewetted extracted peatland in Sweden. Mires Peat 17(07):23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19189\/MaP.2016.OMB.224.","journal-title":"Mires Peat"},{"issue":"17","key":"2445_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6386","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00261-12","volume":"78","author":"H Juottonen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Juottonen H, Hynninen A, Nieminen M, Tuomivirta TT, Tuittila ES, Nousiainen H, Kell DK, Yrj\u00e4l\u00e4 K, Tervahauta A, Fritze H (2012) Methane-cycling microbial communities and methane emission in natural and restored peatlands. Appl Environ Microbiol 78(17):6386\u20136389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.00261-12.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2445_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-023-01096-x","volume":"167","author":"SA K\u00e4\u00e4rmelahti","year":"2024","unstructured":"K\u00e4\u00e4rmelahti SA, Fritz C, Quadra GR, Gardoki ME, Gaudig G, Krebs M, Temmink RJ (2024) Topsoil removal for Sphagnum establishment on rewetted agricultural bogs. Biogeochem 167(4):479\u2013496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10533-023-01096-x.","journal-title":"Biogeochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"2445_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.70361","volume":"247","author":"B Keane","year":"2025","unstructured":"Keane B, Alderson DM, Clay GD, Evans MG, Field CD, Johnston A, Limpens J, McCarter CP, Overtoom N, Ritson JP, Robroek BJ (2025) The effects of drought on Sphagnum moss species and the implications for hydrology in peatlands. N Phytol 247(5):2003\u20132021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nph.70361.","journal-title":"N Phytol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2445_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.3390\/ijpb15040068","volume":"15","author":"AT Keightley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Keightley AT, Field CD, Rowson JG, Caporn SJM (2024) Comparative photosynthetic capacity, respiration rates, and nutrient content of micropropagated and wild-sourced Sphagnum. Int J Plant Biol 15(4):959\u2013978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijpb15040068.","journal-title":"Int J Plant Biol"},{"key":"2445_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.19189\/MaP.2023.OMB.Sc.2108595","volume":"29","author":"AT Keightley","year":"2023","unstructured":"Keightley AT, Field CD, Rowson JG, Wright NA, Caporn SJM (2023) Engineering restoration and gaseous carbon uptake on a degraded bog: the role of Eriophorum angustifolium and micropropagated Sphagnum. Mires Peat 29:33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19189\/MaP.2023.OMB.Sc.2108595 pp.","journal-title":"Mires Peat"},{"key":"2445_CR39","unstructured":"Kennedy J, Johnson S, Longden M, Bennion J, Tzoulas K, Wright N, Baker F, Keightley A, Caporn S, Field C (2023b) Winmarleigh Carbon Farm case study. The Interreg North West Europe Care Peat Project. https:\/\/vb.nweurope.eu\/media\/21500\/care-peat_main_output_carbonfarm_wpi3.pdf Accessed 15 June 2025."},{"key":"2445_CR40","unstructured":"Kennedy J, Johnson S, Longden M, Keightley A, Field C, Caporn S, Wright N (2023a) Little Woolden Moss Companion Planting Case Study. The Interreg North West Europe Care Peat Project. https:\/\/vb.nweurope.eu\/media\/21501\/care-peat_main_output_companionplanting_wpi3.pdf Accessed 15 June 2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"2445_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01458.x","volume":"45","author":"SK Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kivim\u00e4ki SK, Yli-pet\u00e4ys M, Tuittila ES (2008) Carbon sink function of sedge and Sphagnum patches in a restored cut-away peatland: increased functional diversity leads to higher production. J Appl Ecol 45(3):921\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01458.x.","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2445_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-021-00736-3","volume":"25","author":"N Kokkonen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kokkonen N, Laine AM, M\u00e4nnist\u00f6 E, Meht\u00e4talo L, Korrensalo A, Tuittila ES (2022) Two mechanisms drive changes in boreal peatland photosynthesis following long-term water level drawdown: Species turnover and altered photosynthetic capacity. Ecosyst 25(7):1601\u20131618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10021-021-00736-3.","journal-title":"Ecosyst"},{"key":"2445_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.651103","volume":"12","author":"MA Kox","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kox MA, Smolders AJ, Speth DR, Lamers LP, Op den Camp HJ, Jetten MS, Van Kessel MA (2021) A novel laboratory-scale mesocosm setup to study methane emission mitigation by Sphagnum mosses and associated methanotrophs. Front Microbiol 12:652486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.651103.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2445_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.01061","volume":"123","author":"C Laing","year":"2014","unstructured":"Laing C, Granath G, Belyea LR, Allton KE, Rydin H (2014) Tradeoffs and scaling of functional traits in Sphagnum as drivers of carbon cycling in peatlands. Oikos 123(7):817\u2013828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/oik.01061.","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"issue":"1","key":"2445_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-020-04434-2","volume":"448","author":"C Lazcano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lazcano C, Deol AS, Brummell ME, Strack M (2020) Interactive effects of vegetation and water table depth on belowground C and N mobilization and greenhouse gas emissions in a restored peatland. Plant Soil 448(1):299\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11104-020-04434-2.","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"issue":"1","key":"2445_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03406-6","volume":"9","author":"J Leifeld","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leifeld J, Menichetti L (2018) The underappreciated potential of peatlands in global climate change mitigation strategies. Nat Commun 9(1):1071. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-018-03406-6.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2445_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2020.105025","volume":"198","author":"C Liang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liang C, Ding Y, Yue Y, Zhang XY, Song MH, Gao JQ, Yu FH (2021) Litter affects CO2 emission from alpine wetland soils experiencing drying-rewetting cycles with different intensities and frequencies. Catena 198:105025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.catena.2020.105025.","journal-title":"Catena"},{"issue":"5","key":"2445_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-5-1475-2008","volume":"5","author":"J Limpens","year":"2008","unstructured":"Limpens J, Berendse F, Blodau C, Canadell JG, Freeman C, Holden J, Roulet N, Rydin H, Schaepman-Strub G (2008) Peatlands and the carbon cycle: from local processes to global implications\u2013a synthesis. Biogeosciences 5(5):1475\u20131491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/bg-5-1475-2008.","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"2445_CR49","unstructured":"Lindsay RA, Clough J (2016) A review of the influence of ombrotrophic peat depth on the successful restoration of bog habitat. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 925."},{"issue":"208","key":"2445_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00547-x","volume":"3","author":"J Loisel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Loisel J, Gallego-Sala A (2022) Ecological resilience of restored peatlands to climate change. Commun Earth Environ 3(208):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43247-022-00547-x.","journal-title":"Commun Earth Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2445_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2009.11.017","volume":"36","author":"M Lucchese","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lucchese M, Waddington JM, Poulin M, Pouliot R, Rochefort L, Strack M (2010) Organic matter accumulation in a restored peatland: Evaluating restoration success. Ecol Eng 36(4):482\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2009.11.017.","journal-title":"Ecol Eng"},{"key":"2445_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu W, Fritz C, van Belle J, Nonhebel S (2023) Production in peatlands: Comparing ecosystem services of diff erentland use options following conventional farming. Sci. Total Environ 875:162534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162534.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162534"},{"issue":"3","key":"2445_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1111\/ejss.13050","volume":"72","author":"V Mazzola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mazzola V, Perks MP, Smith J, Yeluripati J, Xenakis G (2021) Seasonal patterns of greenhouse gas emissions from a forest-to-bog restored site in northern Scotland: Influence of microtopography and vegetation on carbon dioxide and methane dynamics. Eur J Soil Sci 72(3):1332\u20131353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejss.13050.","journal-title":"Eur J Soil Sci"},{"key":"2445_CR53","unstructured":"Met Office (2022) Met Office UK Climate Averages https:\/\/www.metoffice.gov.uk\/research\/climate\/maps-and-data\/uk-climate-averages\/ Accessed 3 November 2021."},{"issue":"4","key":"2445_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.14117","volume":"35","author":"PA Moore","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moore PA, Didemus BD, Furukawa AK, Waddington JM (2021) Peat depth as a control on Sphagnum moisture stress during seasonal drought. Hydrol Process 35(4):e14117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hyp.14117.","journal-title":"Hydrol Process"},{"key":"2445_CR55","unstructured":"Myhre G, Shindell D, Br\u00e9on F-M, Collins W, Fuglestvedt J. et al. (2013) Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker TF, Qin D, Plattner GKM. Tignor SK. Allen J, Boschung A, Nauels YX, Bex VPM Midgley (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"2445_CR56","unstructured":"NIAB (2024) Supporting and developing paludiculture in the UK, National Institute of Agricultural Botany https:\/\/www.niab.com\/news-views\/blogs\/supporting-and-developing-paludiculture-uk Accessed 15 June 2025."},{"key":"2445_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5751","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14449","volume":"24","author":"K Nugent","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nugent K, Strachan IB, Strack M, Roulet N, Rochefort L (2018) Multi-year net ecosystem carbon balance of a restored peatland reveals a return to carbon sink. Glob Chang Biol 24:5751\u20135768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.14449.","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"2445_CR58","unstructured":"Osborne AW, Keightley AT, Ingleby E, Longden M, Rogers T, Steel D, Davies M (2021) From bare peat desert to nature reserve within ten years: a review of restoration practice on Little Woolden Moss, Manchester, UK. North West Geography 21(1):31\u201348. http:\/\/www.mangeogsoc.org.uk\/publications\/north-west-geography\/volume-21-2021\/."},{"issue":"5","key":"2445_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-1267-2011","volume":"8","author":"FJW Parmentier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parmentier FJW, Van Huissteden J, Kip N, Op den Camp HJM, Jetten MSM, Maximov TC, Dolman AJ (2011) The role of endophytic methane-oxidizing bacteria in submerged Sphagnum in determining methane emissions of Northeastern Siberian tundra. Biogeosciences 8(5):1267\u20131278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/bg-8-1267-2011.","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2445_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.2307\/2256893","volume":"42","author":"ME Phillips","year":"1954","unstructured":"Phillips ME (1954) Eriophorum angustifolium Roth. J Ecol 42(2):612\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2256893.","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2445_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actao.2011.04.001","volume":"37","author":"R Pouliot","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pouliot R, Rochefort L, Karofeld E, Mercier C (2011) Initiation of Sphagnum moss hummocks in bogs and the presence of vascular plants: Is there a link? Acta Oecol 37(4):346\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actao.2011.04.001.","journal-title":"Acta Oecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2445_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022046409485","volume":"11","author":"JS Price","year":"2003","unstructured":"Price JS, Heathwaite AL, Baird AJ (2003) Hydrological processes in abandoned and restored peatlands: an overview of management approaches. Wetl Ecol Manag 11(1):65\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1022046409485.","journal-title":"Wetl Ecol Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"2445_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-022-01007-6","volume":"163","author":"GR Quadra","year":"2023","unstructured":"Quadra GR, Boonman CC, Vroom RJ, Temmink RJ, Smolders AJ, Geurts JJ, Aben RC, Weideveld ST, Fritz C (2023) Removing 10 cm of degraded peat mitigates unwanted effects of peatland rewetting: a mesocosm study. Biogeochem 163(1):65\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10533-022-01007-6.","journal-title":"Biogeochem"},{"key":"2445_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.02.014","volume":"127","author":"F Renou-Wilson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Renou-Wilson F, Moser G, Fallon D, Farrell CA, M\u00fcller C, Wilson D (2019) Rewetting degraded peatlands for climate and biodiversity benefits: Results from two raised bogs. Ecol Eng 127:547\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.02.014.","journal-title":"Ecol Eng"},{"key":"2445_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.2307\/2260076","volume":"72","author":"KP Robertson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Robertson KP, Woolhouse HW (1984) Studies of the seasonal course of carbon uptake of Eriophorum vaginatum in a moorland habitat. II. The seasonal course of photosynthesis. J Ecol 72:685\u2013700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2260076.","journal-title":"J Ecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2445_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1639\/0007-2745(2000)103[0503:SAKGIH]2.0.CO;2","volume":"103","author":"L Rochefort","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rochefort L (2000) Sphagnum\u2014a keystone genus in habitat restoration. Bryologist 103(3):503\u2013508.","journal-title":"Bryologist"},{"key":"2445_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ross K (2024) Potential for Greenhouse Gas Emission Savings from Paludiculture, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, December 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.10310.59205 Accessed 01 January 2026.","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.10310.59205"},{"key":"2445_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ross K (2025) Potential markets for paludiculture crops, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, March 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.35793.03682 Accessed 15 June 2025.","DOI":"10.13140\/RG.2.2.35793.03682"},{"key":"2445_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rydin H, Jeglum JK (2013) The Biology of Peatlands (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, 382.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199602995.001.0001"},{"issue":"22","key":"2445_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7582","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac382","volume":"73","author":"M Tejera","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tejera M, Boersma NN, Archontoulis SV, Miguez FE, VanLoocke A, Heaton EA (2022) Photosynthetic decline in aging perennial grass is not fully explained by leaf nitrogen. J Exp Bot 73(22):7582\u20137595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jxb\/erac382.","journal-title":"J Exp Bot"},{"key":"2445_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2025.06.006","volume":"87","author":"Y Telgenkamp","year":"2025","unstructured":"Telgenkamp Y, Robroek BJ, Rochefort L, Shepherd HE, Boone RW, Thomas CL (2025) Standing tall together: Peatland vascular plants facilitate Sphagnum moss microtopography. Basic Appl Ecol 87:144\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.baae.2025.06.006.","journal-title":"Basic Appl Ecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2445_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s10533-023-01065-4","volume":"167","author":"RJ Temmink","year":"2024","unstructured":"Temmink RJ, Vroom RJ, van Dijk G, K\u00e4\u00e4rmelahti SA, Koks AH, Joosten H, Krebs M, Gaudig G, Brust K, Lamers LP, Smolders AJ (2024) Restoring organic matter, carbon and nutrient accumulation in degraded peatlands: 10 years Sphagnum paludiculture. Biogeochem 167(4):347\u2013361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10533-023-01065-4.","journal-title":"Biogeochem"},{"key":"2445_CR74","unstructured":"UNEP (2022) Global Peatlands Assessment - The State of the World\u2019s Peatlands: Evidence for action toward the conservation, restoration, and sustainable management of peatlands. Summary for Policy Makers. Global Peatlands Initiative. United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi."},{"key":"2445_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.09.008","volume":"124","author":"RJ Vroom","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vroom RJ, Xie F, Geurts JJ, Chojnowska A, Smolders AJ, Lamers LP, Fritz C (2018) Typha latifolia paludiculture effectively improves water quality and reduces greenhouse gas emissions in rewetted peatlands. Ecol Eng 124:88\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2018.09.008.","journal-title":"Ecol Eng"},{"issue":"12","key":"2445_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0189692","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189692","volume":"12","author":"M Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang M, Wu J, Luan J, Lafleur P, Chen H, Zhu X (2017) Near-zero methane emission from an abandoned boreal peatland pasture based on eddy covariance measurements. PLoS One 12(12):e0189692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0189692.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"08","key":"2445_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.19189\/MaP.2019.SNPG.StA.1768","volume":"26","author":"S Wichmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wichmann S, Krebs M, Kumar S, Gaudig G (2020) Paludiculture on former bog grassland: Profitability of Sphagnum farming in North West Germany. Mires Peat 26(08):18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19189\/MaP.2019.SNPG.StA.1768 pp.","journal-title":"Mires Peat"},{"key":"2445_CR78","unstructured":"Wichtmann W, Schr\u00f6der C, Joosten H (2016) Paludiculture - productive use of wet peatlands: climate protection-biodiversity-regional economic benefits. Schweizerbart Science Publishers, Stuttgart (272 pp)."},{"issue":"01","key":"2445_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.19189\/001c.128473","volume":"11","author":"D Wilson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wilson D, Farrell C, Mueller C, Hepp S, Renou-Wilson F (2013) Rewetted industrial cutaway peatlands in western Ireland: a prime location for climate change mitigation? Mires Peat 11(01):1\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19189\/001c.128473.","journal-title":"Mires Peat"},{"issue":"12","key":"2445_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4080","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13325","volume":"22","author":"D Wilson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilson D, Farrell CA, Fallon D, Moser G, M\u00fcller C, Renou-Wilson F (2016) Multiyear greenhouse gas balances at a rewetted temperate peatland. Glob Chang Biol 22(12):4080\u20134095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gcb.13325.","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2445_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39614","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039614","volume":"7","author":"JF van Winden","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Winden JF, Reichart GJ, McNamara NP, Benthien A, Damst\u00e9 JSS (2012) Temperature-induced increase in methane release from peat bogs: a mesocosm experiment. PLoS One 7(6):e39614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0039614.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2445_CR82","unstructured":"Wright N, Keightley A, Field C, Clough J, Caporn S (2021) Sphagnum farming using micropropagated Sphagnum and simulated rain irrigation to significantly improve production of a growing medium. Proceedings of the third international conference on the utilisation of wetland plants \u201cRenewable resources from wet and rewetted peatlands\u201d (RRR2021) https:\/\/www.moorwissen.de\/files\/doc\/veranstaltungen\/rrr2021\/downloads\/RRR2021_proceedings.pdf Accessed 12 June 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"2445_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12931","volume":"55","author":"D Zak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zak D, Goldhammer T, Cabezas A, Gelbrecht J, Gurke R, Wagner C, Reuter H, Augustin J, Klimkowska A, McInnes RJ (2018) Top soil removal reduces water pollution from phosphorus and dissolved organic matter and lowers methane emissions from rewetted peatlands. J Appl Ecol 55(1):311\u2013320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2664.12931.","journal-title":"J Appl Ecol"}],"container-title":["Environmental Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02445-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02445-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02445-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:27:29Z","timestamp":1778585249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02445-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02445-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7779175\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0364-152X","1432-1009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-152X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"147"}}