{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T12:10:46Z","timestamp":1778587846166,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environmental Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study investigates the spatiotemporal dynamics of industrial toxic chemical discharges within the Coosa River watershed from 2000 to 2020 using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u2019s Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) dataset and advanced geospatial techniques. Findings reveal a contrasting trend in reported releases: while total on-site emissions to air, water, and land declined over time, reported surface-water discharges exhibited long-term growth and pronounced temporal variability. Nitrate and zinc compounds were among the most frequently reported chemicals released to surface waters. Emerging Hotspot Analysis (EHSA) and Space\u2013Time Cube analysis identified persistent, intensifying, and newly emerging clusters of reported TRI surface-water discharge activity and facility concentration, particularly near long-established industrial centers around Gadsden. These hotspots reflect statistically significant spatial\u2013temporal patterns in reported TRI discharges rather than measured in-stream contamination, exposure, or ecological impact. Despite overall reductions in reported emissions, the number and proportion of TRI facilities discharging to surface waters remained relatively stable, indicating persistent industrial discharge activity within the watershed. The findings demonstrate the value of TRI-based spatiotemporal analyses as screening-level tools for identifying areas of sustained or emerging industrial discharge pressure. Rather than indicating confirmed water quality impairment, the results provide a spatial framework to support future monitoring, data integration, and hypothesis-driven assessments in flood-prone river systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-026-02457-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T07:16:12Z","timestamp":1775891772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal Toxicity: Emerging Patterns of Industrial Water Pollution in the Coosa River Watershed, USA (2000\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Al Artat Bin","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2457_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1108\/09653560910984587","volume":"18","author":"Y Adikari","year":"2009","unstructured":"Adikari Y, Osti R, Noro T (2009) Flood hazard mapping in developing countries: problems and prospects. Disaster Prev Manag 18(5):537\u2013552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09653560910984587.","journal-title":"Disaster Prev Manag"},{"key":"2457_CR2","unstructured":"Alabama Department of Environmental Management (2024) 303(d) list of impaired waters. https:\/\/www.adem.alabama.gov\/."},{"key":"2457_CR30","unstructured":"Ali AAB (2024) Spatial risk assessment of social vulnerability to contaminated river water: A case study of Coosa River watershed [Master\u2019s thesis, Auburn University]. Auburn University Electronic Theses and Dissertations. https:\/\/auetd.auburn.edu\/handle\/10415\/9444."},{"issue":"1","key":"2457_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s41324-025-00634-z","volume":"33","author":"AAB Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali AAB, Mitra C, Rahaman SKN (2025) Mapping the heat with spatial trends and emerging temperature hotspots in the contiguous U.S. (CONUS) counties from 2000 to 2022. Spat Inf Res 33(1):35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41324-025-00634-z.","journal-title":"Spat Inf Res"},{"key":"2457_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s43762-026-00249-6","volume":"6","author":"AAB Ali","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ali AAB, Mitra C, Rishal FH et al. (2026) Mapping and predicting urban heat island intensity hotspots through a space-time machine learning framework in Bangladesh. Comput Urban Sci 6:14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43762-026-00249-6.","journal-title":"Comput Urban Sci"},{"key":"2457_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s40710-025-00803-0","volume":"12","author":"AAB Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali AAB, Nelson J (2025) Integrative multi-criteria geospatial modeling for assessing compound flood-contamination risks in vulnerable communities. Environ Process 12:58. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40710-025-00803-0.","journal-title":"Environ Process"},{"key":"2457_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ali AAB, Sumiya NN, Islam MS (2023) Floods of Gorai-Madhumati and Arial Khan Rivers, Bangladesh. In: Islam A, et al. Floods in the Ganga\u2013Brahmaputra\u2013Meghna Delta. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-21086-0_22.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21086-0_22"},{"issue":"4","key":"2457_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-10708-2","volume":"28","author":"P Alulema-Pullupaxi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alulema-Pullupaxi P, Ramos-Cormenzana A, Orellana L (2021) Assessment of water quality in Ecuadorian rivers using physicochemical parameters and multivariate analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(4):5026\u20135037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-020-10708-2.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2457_CR8","unstructured":"Chitwood F (2017) Here\u2019s who\u2019s been dumping toxic waste in the Coosa. Coosa Riverkeeper. https:\/\/coosariver.org\/heres-whose-been-dumping-toxic-waste-in-the-coosa\/."},{"key":"2457_CR9","unstructured":"Coosa River Basin Management Plan (1998) Georgia Environmental Protection Division. https:\/\/epd.georgia.gov\/"},{"key":"2457_CR10","unstructured":"Coosa Riverkeeper (n.d.) Nutrients. https:\/\/coosariver.org\/river\/issues\/nutrients\/."},{"issue":"10","key":"2457_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14385","DOI":"10.3390\/su71014385","volume":"7","author":"L Ding","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ding L, Chen K-L, Liu T, Cheng S-G, Wang X (2015) Spatial-temporal hotspot pattern analysis of provincial environmental pollution incidents and related regional sustainable management in China in the period 1995\u20132012. Sustainability 7(10):14385\u201314407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su71014385.","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2457_CR12","unstructured":"Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) (n.d.) Space Time Pattern Mining Toolbox. ArcGIS Pro Documentation. Retrieved from https:\/\/pro.arcgis.com\/en\/pro-app\/latest\/tool-reference\/space-time-pattern-mining\/"},{"issue":"6","key":"2457_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2007.0478","volume":"37","author":"J Estis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Estis J (2008) Industrial pollution trends in the Coosa River watershed. J Environ Qual 37(6):1904\u20131915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2134\/jeq2007.0478.","journal-title":"J Environ Qual"},{"issue":"3","key":"2457_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x","volume":"24","author":"A Getis","year":"1992","unstructured":"Getis A, Ord JK (1992) The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geogr Anal 24(3):189\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x.","journal-title":"Geogr Anal"},{"key":"2457_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-022-00152-7","volume":"5","author":"S Hou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hou S, Zhao X, Liu Y, Tillotson MR, Weng S, Wang H, Li Y, Liu B, Feng K, Zhang N (2022) Spatial analysis connects excess water pollution discharge, industrial production, and consumption at the sectoral level. npj Clean Water 5: 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41545-022-00152-7.","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"2457_CR16","unstructured":"Kendall MG, Gibbons JD (1990) Rank correlation methods. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"2457_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.02.022","volume":"115","author":"A K\u00f6nig","year":"2017","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig A, Jekel M, Worch E (2017) Water quality in the Ohio River: long-term changes and industrial impact. Water Res 115:343\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2017.02.022.","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2457_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi7110433","volume":"7","author":"RS Li\u00e9vanos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li\u00e9vanos RS (2018) Impaired water hazard zones: mapping intersecting socio-spatial dimensions of pollution exposure. ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf 7(11):433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijgi7110433.","journal-title":"ISPRS Int J Geo-Inf"},{"key":"2457_CR19","unstructured":"Lower Coosa River Basin Management Plan (2005) Alabama Department of Environmental Management. https:\/\/www.adem.alabama.gov\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"2457_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187","volume":"13","author":"HB Mann","year":"1945","unstructured":"Mann HB (1945) Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica 13(3):245\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/1907187.","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"2457_CR21","unstructured":"McGauhey PH (1968) Engineering management of water quality. McGraw-Hill."},{"issue":"3","key":"2457_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-020-01258-9","volume":"66","author":"C McLaughlin","year":"2020","unstructured":"McLaughlin C, Faulkner H, Short A (2020) Industrial pollution in major U.S. river systems: a geospatial perspective. Environ Manag 66(3):453\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00267-020-01258-9.","journal-title":"Environ Manag"},{"issue":"4","key":"2457_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x","volume":"27","author":"JK Ord","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ord JK, Getis A (1995) Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: distributional issues and an application. Geogr Anal 27(4):286\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00912.x.","journal-title":"Geogr Anal"},{"key":"2457_CR24","unstructured":"Peavy HS (1986) Environmental engineering. McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"2457_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s41748-024-00418-9","volume":"9","author":"SN Rahaman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rahaman SN, Nelson J, Ali AAB et al. (2025) A multivariate geostatistical framework to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of air pollution and land surface temperature in Bangladesh. Earth Syst Environ 9:71\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41748-024-00418-9.","journal-title":"Earth Syst Environ"},{"key":"2457_CR26","unstructured":"United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2015) Water for a sustainable world: United Nations world water development report. https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/reports\/wwdr."},{"key":"2457_CR27","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2023) Toxics Release Inventory National Analysis 2021. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program."},{"issue":"10","key":"2457_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1974","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300700","volume":"102","author":"SM Wilson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wilson SM, Fraser-Rahim H, Williams E, Zhang H, Rice L, Svendsen E, Abara W (2012) Assessment of the distribution of toxic release inventory facilities in metropolitan Charleston: an environmental justice case study. Am J Public Health 102(10):1974\u20131980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300700.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2457_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2276","volume":"31","author":"G Woodward","year":"2021","unstructured":"Woodward G, Perkins DM, Brown LE (2021) Impact of industrial pollution on freshwater ecosystems in the Missouri River Basin. Ecol Appl 31(2):e02276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eap.2276.","journal-title":"Ecol Appl"}],"container-title":["Environmental Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02457-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02457-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02457-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T11:26:07Z","timestamp":1778585167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02457-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["2457"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02457-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-152X","1432-1009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-152X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"153"}}