{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T19:30:53Z","timestamp":1793475053151,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID 138235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID 138235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environmental Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    <jats:bold>Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Mining activities significantly shape landscapes and often pose sustainability and environmental justice challenges for surrounding communities. This paper examines land use and land cover (LULC) transitions and their sustainable development implications along the Witwatersrand mining belt in Gauteng, South Africa (1990\u20132020). Leveraging geospatial analysis, chi-square statistical testing, and spatial clustering, the findings highlight a critical tension between mining and sustainability efforts. While 54.53\u2009km\u00b2 of mining areas successfully transitioned to natural vegetation, landscape-scale degradation persisted, natural and planted vegetation declined, and barren land increased, with informal settlements also increasing and concentrating in mining-adjacent areas. Statistical significance tests (\u03c7\u00b2\u2009=\u200911,319,251.69,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; Cram\u00e9r\u2019s V\u2009=\u20090.60) indicate that 97.9% of transitions are systematic rather than random, and that they concentrate in previously disadvantaged communities. Mining land was also converted to residential areas despite regulatory protections and buffer zones, indicating a policy and implementation gap. This study highlights the crucial role of LULC assessments in post-mining landscape management, concluding that practical mining sustainability requires an integrated approach of stronger regulation, affordable housing, participatory rehabilitation planning, and accountability mechanisms grounded in quantitative evidence of distributive and environmental justice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-026-02543-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:40:16Z","timestamp":1791668416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mining Legacies and Environmental Injustice: Systematic Mining-Led LULC Change in the Witwatersrand Mining Belt, Gauteng, South Africa (1990\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Samkelisiwe","family":"Khanyile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Tsoriyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phemelo","family":"Mahamuza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2543_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.012","volume":"112","author":"O Ahlqvist","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ahlqvist O (2008) Extending post-classification change detection using semantic similarity metrics to overcome class heterogeneity: a study of 1992 and 2001 U.S. National Land Cover Database changes. Remote Sens Environ 112(3):1226\u20131241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rse.2007.08.012","journal-title":"Remote Sens Environ"},{"key":"2543_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-1-2023-449-2023","volume":"48","author":"T Akin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akin T, Berberoglu S (2023) Modeling land degradation using remote sensing data: the case of Seyhan Basin. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci 48:449\u2013454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-M-1-2023-449-2023","journal-title":"Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci"},{"key":"2543_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsase.2020.100458","volume":"21","author":"MLE Ang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ang MLE et al. (2021) Socio-environmental land cover time-series analysis of mining landscapes using Google Earth Engine and web-based mapping. Remote Sens Appl Soc Environ 21:100458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rsase.2020.100458","journal-title":"Remote Sens Appl Soc Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10106049.2023.2210532","volume":"38","author":"M Asif","year":"2023","unstructured":"Asif M et al. (2023) Modelling of land use and land cover changes and prediction using CA-Markov and Random Forest. Geocarto Int 38(1):2210532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10106049.2023.2210532","journal-title":"Geocarto Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"2543_CR5","first-page":"724","volume":"7","author":"J Atayi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Atayi J et al. (2016) The effects of large-scale mining on land use and land cover changes using remotely sensed data. Int J Sci Nat 7(4):724\u2013733","journal-title":"Int J Sci Nat"},{"key":"2543_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bainton N (2020) Mining and Indigenous Peoples. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190854584.013.121","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190854584.013.121"},{"key":"2543_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ballard R, Hamann C (2022) Gauteng\u2019s urban land cover growth: 1990\u20132020. Map of the Month, Gauteng City-Region Observatory. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36634\/BMTK9909","DOI":"10.36634\/BMTK9909"},{"key":"2543_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Basommi P L et al. (2015) Exploring land use and land cover change in the mining areas of Wa East District, Ghana using satellite imagery. Open Geosci 7(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/geo-2015-0058","DOI":"10.1515\/geo-2015-0058"},{"key":"2543_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.2495\/SC131162","volume":"179","author":"KL Bobbins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bobbins KL (2013) The legacy and prospects of the Gauteng City-Region\u2019s mining landscapes. WIT Trans Ecol Environ 179:1363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2495\/SC131162","journal-title":"WIT Trans Ecol Environ"},{"key":"2543_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bobbins K, Trangos G (2018) Mining landscapes of the Gauteng City-Region. Research Report, Gauteng City-Region Observatory. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36634\/TIAJ2187","DOI":"10.36634\/TIAJ2187"},{"issue":"4","key":"2543_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1080\/00045600903102949","volume":"99","author":"CG Boone","year":"2009","unstructured":"Boone CG et al. (2009) Parks and people: an environmental justice inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 99(4):767\u2013787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00045600903102949","journal-title":"Ann Assoc Am Geogr"},{"key":"2543_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.energy.28.011503.163434","volume":"29","author":"G Bridge","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bridge G (2004) Contested terrain: mining and the environment. Annu Rev Environ Resour 29:205\u2013259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.energy.28.011503.163434","journal-title":"Annu Rev Environ Resour"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4102\/koedoe.v49i2.112","volume":"49","author":"GJ Bredenkamp","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bredenkamp GJ et al. (2006) Conservation value of the Egoli Granite Grassland, an endemic grassland in Gauteng, South Africa. Koedoe 49(2):59\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/koedoe.v49i2.112","journal-title":"Koedoe"},{"issue":"4","key":"2543_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/02589001.2012.719376","volume":"30","author":"D Bryceson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bryceson D, MacKinnon D (2012) Eureka and beyond: mining\u2019s impact on African urbanisation. J Contemp Afr Stud 30(4):513\u2013537","journal-title":"J Contemp Afr Stud"},{"key":"2543_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bullard R D (1990) Dumping in Dixie: Race, class, and environmental quality. Westview Press, Boulder. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780429495274","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429495274"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10010015","volume":"10","author":"W Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen W et al. (2018) A review of fine-scale land use and land cover classification in open-pit mining areas by remote sensing techniques. Remote Sens 10(1):15","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"key":"2543_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cook B (1971) Growing vegetation on mine residue dumps. Clean Air J 1(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17159\/caj\/1971\/1\/1.7186","DOI":"10.17159\/caj\/1971\/1\/1.7186"},{"issue":"3","key":"2543_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1179\/mnt.2000.109.3.132","volume":"109","author":"MG Culshaw","year":"2000","unstructured":"Culshaw MG et al. (2000) Impacts of abandoned mine workings on aspects of urban development. Min Technol 109(3):132\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/mnt.2000.109.3.132","journal-title":"Min Technol"},{"key":"2543_CR719","unstructured":"Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) (2011) Mining Lease Areas [Spatial dataset]. DMR: Pretoria."},{"key":"2543_CR919","unstructured":"Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE) (2020) 1990 South African National Land Cover (SANLC) [Spatial dataset]. DFFE: Pretoria: http:\/\/egis.environment.gov.za"},{"key":"2543_CR819","unstructured":"Department of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE) (2022) 2020 South African National Land Cover (SANLC) [Spatial dataset]. DFFE: Pretoria: http:\/\/egis.environment.gov.za"},{"issue":"6","key":"2543_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.01.019","volume":"92","author":"BN Egoh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Egoh BN et al. (2011) Identifying priority areas for ecosystem service management in South African grasslands. J Environ Manag 92(6):1642\u20131650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2011.01.019","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"issue":"5","key":"2543_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133318793581","volume":"42","author":"A Esterhuysen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Esterhuysen A et al. (2018) Mine waste: the unseen dead in a mining landscape. Prog Phys Geogr 42(5):650\u2013666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0309133318793581","journal-title":"Prog Phys Geogr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s11676-018-0621-x","volume":"30","author":"ES Festin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Festin ES et al. (2019) Progresses in restoration of post-mining landscape in Africa. J Res 30(2):381\u2013396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11676-018-0621-x","journal-title":"J Res"},{"key":"2543_CR822","unstructured":"Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) 2017 Pollution Buffer Zones [Spatial dataset]. Gauteng Provincial Environmental Framework. GDARD: Johannesburg. http:\/\/gisportal.gauteng.gov.za\/portal\/home\/index.html"},{"key":"2543_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envc.2022.100441","volume":"6","author":"DD Gbedzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gbedzi DD et al. (2022) Impact of mining on land use land cover change and water quality in the Asutifi North District of Ghana, West Africa. Environ Chall 6:100441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envc.2022.100441","journal-title":"Environ Chall"},{"key":"2543_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2019.104382","volume":"108","author":"MD Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mart\u00ednez MD et al. (2019) Assessment of potential contamination of Paramo soil and downstream water supplies in a coal-mining region of Colombia. Appl Geochem 108:104382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2019.104382","journal-title":"Appl Geochem"},{"key":"2543_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Halder B et al. (2024) An assessment of environmental impacts in mining areas of Paschim Bardhhaman district, West Bengal, India. Discov Geosci 2(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s44288-024-00009-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s44288-024-00009-1"},{"key":"2543_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envdev.2020.100527","volume":"34","author":"SS Hasan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hasan SS et al. (2020) Impact of land use change on ecosystem services: a review. Environ Dev 34:100527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envdev.2020.100527","journal-title":"Environ Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2543_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1080\/02589001.2012.724869","volume":"30","author":"P Harrison","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harrison P, Zack T (2012) The power of mining: the fall of gold and rise of Johannesburg. J Contemp Afr Stud 30(4):551\u2013570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02589001.2012.724869","journal-title":"J Contemp Afr Stud"},{"key":"2543_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hecht G (2023) Residual Governance: How South Africa Foretells Planetary Futures. Duke University Press, Durham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/9781478027263","DOI":"10.1215\/9781478027263"},{"issue":"6","key":"2543_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/resources9060073","volume":"9","author":"M Ignatyeva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ignatyeva M, Yurak V, Pustokhina N (2020) Recultivation of post-mining disturbed land: review of content and comparative law and feasibility study. Resources 9(6):73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/resources9060073","journal-title":"Resources"},{"key":"2543_CR29","unstructured":"International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) (2019) Integrated Mine Closure Good Practice Guide, 2nd ed. International Council on Mining and Metals, London"},{"key":"2543_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2022.07.034","volume":"138","author":"J Kato-Huerta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kato-Huerta J, Geneletti D (2022) Environmental justice implications of nature-based solutions in urban areas: a systematic review of approaches, indicators, and outcomes. Environ Sci Policy 138:122\u2013133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envsci.2022.07.034","journal-title":"Environ Sci Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S147","DOI":"10.1177\/0975425321997973","volume":"12","author":"S Katumba","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katumba S, Everatt D (2021) Urban sprawl and land cover in post-apartheid Johannesburg and the Gauteng City-Region, 1990\u20132018. Environ Urbanisation Asia 12(1):S147\u2013S164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0975425321997973","journal-title":"Environ Urbanisation Asia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2543_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1089\/env.2009.0009","volume":"2","author":"A Keeling","year":"2009","unstructured":"Keeling A, Sandlos J (2009) Environmental justice goes underground? Historical notes on mining and environmental inequality. Environ Justice 2(4):155\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/env.2009.0009","journal-title":"Environ Justice"},{"key":"2543_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kengni B, Nkosi V (2023) Analysis of the current legal framework protecting the health of communities near gold mine tailings in South Africa. South Afr Public Law 37(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25159\/2522-6800\/12919","DOI":"10.25159\/2522-6800\/12919"},{"key":"2543_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Khanyile S (2016) Development of human settlements and mining areas: 1956\u20132013. Map of the Month, Gauteng City-Region Observatory. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36634\/OMKI7746","DOI":"10.36634\/OMKI7746"},{"key":"2543_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanyile S, Marais L (2024) Mine closure policies and strategies in South Africa. In: Sethulego Matebesi S, Marais L, Nel V (eds) Local Responses to Mine Closure in South Africa: Dependencies and Social Disruption. Routledge, London","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003403326-3"},{"issue":"11","key":"2543_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.3390\/land13111761","volume":"13","author":"S Khanyile","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khanyile S (2024) A comparison of the efficacy of fuzzy overlay and random forest classification for mapping and shaping perceptions of the post-mining landscape of Gauteng, South Africa. Land 13(11):1761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land13111761","journal-title":"Land"},{"issue":"10","key":"2543_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.3390\/su9101705","volume":"9","author":"S Kivinen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kivinen S (2017) Sustainable post-mining land use: are closed metal mines abandoned or re-used space? Sustainability 9(10):1705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su9101705","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR38","first-page":"183","volume":"2","author":"A Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar A, Pandey AC (2013) Evaluating impact of coal mining activity on landuse\/landcover using temporal satellite images in South Karanpura Coalfields and Environs, Jharkhand State, India. Int J Adv Remote Sens GIS 2(1):183\u2013197","journal-title":"Int J Adv Remote Sens GIS"},{"key":"2543_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-025-13921-x","volume":"197","author":"AS Lameck","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lameck AS et al. (2025) Land use\/land cover changes due to gold mining in the Singida region, central Tanzania: environmental and socio-economic implications. Environ Monit Assess 197: 464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-025-13921-x","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2543_CR41","first-page":"1441","volume":"10","author":"Z Lidzhegu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lidzhegu Z, Palamuleni LG (2012) Land use and land cover change as a consequence of the South African land reform program: a remote sensing approach. J Food Agric Environ 10(3-4):1441\u20131447","journal-title":"J Food Agric Environ"},{"key":"2543_CR42","unstructured":"Lillesand T et al (2015) Remote sensing and image interpretation. John Wiley & Sons"},{"key":"2543_CR243","unstructured":"Limpitlaw D, Briel A (2014) Post-mining land use opportunities in developing countries - A review. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 114 (11): 899\u2013903. https:\/\/scielo.org.za\/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2225-62532014001100007"},{"issue":"4","key":"2543_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11442-010-0483-4","volume":"20","author":"J Liu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liu J et al. (2010) Spatial patterns and driving forces of land use change in China during the early 21st century. J Geogr Sci 20(4):483\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11442-010-0483-4","journal-title":"J Geogr Sci"},{"key":"2543_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.10.078","volume":"98","author":"X Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu X et al. (2017) Changes in soil properties in the soil profile after mining and reclamation in an opencast coal mine on the Loess Plateau, China. Ecol Eng 98:228\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.10.078","journal-title":"Ecol Eng"},{"issue":"12","key":"2543_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116031000139863","volume":"25","author":"D Lu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lu D et al. (2004) Change detection techniques. Int J Remote Sens 25(12):2365\u20132401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0143116031000139863","journal-title":"Int J Remote Sens"},{"key":"2543_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2021.104108","volume":"175","author":"A Madasa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Madasa A et al. (2021) Application of geospatial indices for mapping land cover\/use change detection in a mining area. J Afr Earth Sci 175:104108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jafrearsci.2021.104108","journal-title":"J Afr Earth Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2543_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2013.04.004","volume":"38","author":"L Marais","year":"2013","unstructured":"Marais L (2013) Resources policy and mine closure in South Africa: the case of the Free State Goldfields. Resour Policy 38(3):363\u2013372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.resourpol.2013.04.004","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3624774","volume":"2","author":"SA Mehta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mehta SA et al. (2024) A characterization of land-use changes in the proximity of mining sites in India. ACM J Comput Sustain Soc 2(1):1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3624774","journal-title":"ACM J Comput Sustain Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.4102\/jamba.v11i2.688","volume":"11","author":"SE Mhlongo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mhlongo SE et al. (2019) The impact of artisanal mining on rehabilitation efforts of abandoned mine shafts in Sutherland goldfield, South Africa. Jamba 11(2):688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/jamba.v11i2.688","journal-title":"Jamba"},{"key":"2543_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mubiwa B, Annegarn H (2013) Historical spatial change in the Gauteng City-Region. Occasional Paper, Gauteng City-Region Observatory. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36634\/LTUC2194","DOI":"10.36634\/LTUC2194"},{"key":"2543_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2024.1362666","volume":"12","author":"B Mutale","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mutale B, Qiang F (2024) Modeling future land use and land cover under different scenarios using patch-generating land use simulation model: a case study of Ndola district. Front Environ Sci 12: 1362666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2024.1362666","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3390\/earth5020006","volume":"5","author":"K Mutimba","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mutimba K et al. (2024) Land use\/land cover change dynamics associated with mining activities in Kitwe district and adequacy of the legal framework on mine closure in Zambia. Earth 5(2):110\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/earth5020006","journal-title":"Earth"},{"key":"2543_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2013.01.004","volume":"32","author":"W Musakwa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Musakwa W, van Niekerk A (2013) Implications of land use change for the sustainability of urban areas: a case study of Stellenbosch, South Africa. Cities 32:143\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cities.2013.01.004","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"2543_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W8-2023-379-2024","volume":"XLVIII-4\/W8\u2013202","author":"GAM Narciso","year":"2024","unstructured":"Narciso GAM, Principe JA (2024) Land cover change analysis of Carrascal, Madrid and Cantilan mining sites in Surigao Del Sur using remote sensing. Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci XLVIII-4\/W8\u20132023:379\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLVIII-4-W8-2023-379-2024","journal-title":"Int Arch Photogramm Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci"},{"key":"2543_CR555","unstructured":"Municipal Demarcation Board (MDB) (2016) Local Municipal Boundaries [Spatial dataset]. MDB: Pretoria. https:\/\/dataportal-mdb-sa.opendata.arcgis.com\/"},{"key":"2543_CR655","unstructured":"Municipal Demarcation Board (MDB) (2016) Gauteng Provincial Boundary [Spatial dataset]. MDB: Pretoria. https:\/\/dataportal-mdb-sa.opendata.arcgis.com\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR55","first-page":"135","volume":"112","author":"Z Nzimande","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nzimande Z, Chauke H (2012) Sustainability through responsible environmental mining. J South Afr Inst Min Met 112(2):135\u2013139","journal-title":"J South Afr Inst Min Met"},{"key":"2543_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nuissl H, Siedentop S (2021) Urbanisation and land use change. In: Weith T et al. (eds) Sustainable land management in a European context: a co-design approach. Springer, Cham, pp 75\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-50841-8_5","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-50841-8_5"},{"key":"2543_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ololade O O et al. (2008) Land-use\/cover mapping and change detection in the Rustenburg mining region using Landsat images. In: IGARSS 2008 \u2013 IEEE Int Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, Boston, pp IV-818\u2013IV-821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/IGARSS.2008.4779848","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2008.4779848"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"2543_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2009.11.002","volume":"12","author":"JR Otukei","year":"2010","unstructured":"Otukei JR, Blaschke T (2010) Land cover change assessment using decision trees, support vector machines and maximum likelihood classification algorithms. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 12(Suppl):S27\u2013S31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jag.2009.11.002","journal-title":"Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf"},{"key":"2543_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119691","volume":"351","author":"JR Owen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Owen JR et al. (2024) Increasing mine waste will induce land cover change that results in ecological degradation and human displacement. J Environ Manag 351:119691. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.119691","journal-title":"J Environ Manag"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19475705.2023.2290350","volume":"15","author":"CB Pande","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pande CB et al. (2024) Impact of land use\/land cover changes on evapotranspiration and model accuracy using Google Earth Engine and classification and regression tree modeling. Geomat Nat Hazards Risk 15(1):2290350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19475705.2023.2290350","journal-title":"Geomat Nat Hazards Risk"},{"key":"2543_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parker A et al. (2017) Watershed boundaries of the GCR. Map of the Month. Gauteng City- Region Observatory. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.36634\/KUSG9998","DOI":"10.36634\/KUSG9998"},{"issue":"3","key":"2543_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/gec3.12119","volume":"8","author":"Z Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel Z (2014) South Africa\u2019s three waves of environmental policy: (Mis)aligning the goals of sustainable development, environmental justice and climate change. Geogr Compass 8(3):169\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/gec3.12119","journal-title":"Geogr Compass"},{"issue":"3","key":"2543_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/0376835X.2018.1456909","volume":"36","author":"J Pelders","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pelders J, Nelson G (2019) Living conditions of mine workers from eight mines in South Africa. Dev South Afr 36(3):265\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0376835X.2018.1456909","journal-title":"Dev South Afr"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2543_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2003.09.008","volume":"101","author":"RG Pontius Jr","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pontius Jr RG et al. (2004) Detecting important categorical land changes while accounting for persistence. Agric Ecosyst Environ 101(2\u20133):251\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.agee.2003.09.008","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ"},{"key":"2543_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.38140\/trp.v55i0.596","volume":"55","author":"S Pretorius","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pretorius S, Hattingh A (2009) The impacts of mining activities on the environment and the necessity for an environmental assessment strategy for such activity in South Africa. Town Reg Plan 55:16\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.38140\/trp.v55i0.596","journal-title":"Town Reg Plan"},{"issue":"4","key":"2543_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7845366","volume":"8","author":"NL Rane","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rane NL et al. (2023) Efficiency and capability of remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS): a powerful tool for sustainable groundwater management. Int J Innov Sci Res Technol 8(4):275\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.7845366","journal-title":"Int J Innov Sci Res Technol"},{"key":"2543_CR67","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa (1967) Mining Rights Act (No. 20 of 1967). Department of Mines. Government Printer, Pretoria. https:\/\/pmg.org.za\/docs\/2005\/050622miningact.pdf"},{"key":"2543_CR68","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa (1991) Minerals Act (No. 50 of 1991). Government Gazette, vol 311, No. 13253. Government Printer, Pretoria. https:\/\/www.gov.za\/sites\/default\/files\/gcis_document\/201409\/a501991.pdf"},{"key":"2543_CR69","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa (1996) The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (No. 108 of 1996). Department of Justice and Constitutional Development. Government Printer, Pretoria. https:\/\/www.justice.gov.za\/constitution\/SAConstitution-web-eng.pdf"},{"key":"2543_CR771","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa (1998) National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998). Government Gazette, vol 448, No. 23922. Government Printer, Pretoria. https:\/\/www.gov.za\/sites\/default\/files\/gcis_document\/201409\/a107-98.pdf"},{"key":"2543_CR70","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa (2002) Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act (No. 28 of 2002). Government Printer, Pretoria. https:\/\/www.gov.za\/sites\/default\/files\/gcis_document\/201409\/a28-020.pdf"},{"key":"2543_CR71","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa (2013) Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (No. 16 of 2013). Government Gazette, Part B, vol 578, No. 36730. Government Printer, Pretoria. https:\/\/www.gov.za\/documents\/spatial-planning-and-land-use-management-act"},{"key":"2543_CR172","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa (2017) Notice of Intention to Adopt Gauteng Provincial Environmental Management Framework (GPEMF) Standards and Exclusion of Activities. Department of Environmental Affairs. Government Gazette No. 40785, Notice No. 351. Government Printer: Pretoria. https:\/\/www.dffe.gov.za\/sites\/default\/files\/legislations\/nema_gautengenvironment_management_framework_g41473gn164.pdf"},{"key":"2543_CR1172","unstructured":"Republic of South Africa (2018) Notice to adopt Gauteng Provincial Environmental Framework Standards and Exclusion of Activities. National Environmental Management Act (No. 107 of 1998). Government Gazette, Part B, vol 169, No. 41473. Government Printer, Pretoria. https:\/\/www.dffe.gov.za\/sites\/default\/files\/legislations\/nema_gautengenvironment_management_framework_g41473gn164.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings4020069","volume":"4","author":"A Rigolon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rigolon A, Flohr TL (2014) Access to parks for youth as an environmental justice issue: access inequalities and possible solutions. Buildings 4(2):69\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/buildings4020069","journal-title":"Buildings"},{"key":"2543_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schlosberg D (2007) Defining Environmental Justice: Theories, Movements and Nature. Oxford University Press, Oxford","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199286294.001.0001"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exis.2019.03.008","volume":"6","author":"E Segerstedt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Segerstedt E, Abrahamsson L (2019) Diversity of livelihoods sustainability in established mining communities. Extr Ind Soc 6(2):610\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exis.2019.03.008","journal-title":"Extr Ind Soc"},{"issue":"23","key":"2543_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5522","DOI":"10.3390\/rs15235522","volume":"15","author":"SA Selmy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Selmy SA et al. (2023) Detecting, analyzing, and predicting land use\/land cover (LULC) changes in arid regions using Landsat images, CA\u2013Markov hybrid model, and GIS techniques. Remote Sens 15(23):5522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs15235522","journal-title":"Remote Sens"},{"issue":"1","key":"2543_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/1943815X.2022.2131827","volume":"19","author":"P Seloa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seloa P, Ngole-Jeme V (2022) Community perceptions on environmental and social impacts of mining in Limpopo, South Africa and the implications on corporate social responsibility. J Integr Environ Sci 19(1):189\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1943815X.2022.2131827","journal-title":"J Integr Environ Sci"},{"key":"2543_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2022.100293","volume":"7","author":"MMH Seyam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Seyam MMH et al. (2023) Identifying land use land cover (LULC) changes using remote sensing and GIS approach: a case study at Bhaluka in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 7:100293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cscee.2022.100293","journal-title":"Case Stud Chem Environ Eng"},{"key":"2543_CR78","unstructured":"Sibanda LK, Broadhurst JL (2018) Exploring an alternative approach to mine waste management in the South African gold sector of the article. In: Proceedings of the 11th ICARD| IMWA| MWD Conference \u2013 \u201cRisk to Opportunity\u201d, Pretoria, South Africa: 10\u201314"},{"key":"2543_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.03.084","volume":"84","author":"LJ Sonter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sonter LJ et al. (2014) Processes of land use change in mining regions. J Clean Prod 84:494\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.03.084","journal-title":"J Clean Prod"},{"issue":"9","key":"2543_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2024.03.065","volume":"34","author":"M Tibbett","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tibbett M (2024) Post-mining ecosystem reconstruction. Curr Biol 34(9):R387\u2013R393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2024.03.065","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2543_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02307.x","volume":"17","author":"PH Verburg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verburg PH et al. (2011) Challenges in using land use and land cover data for global change studies. Glob Change Biol 17(2):974\u2013989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02307.x","journal-title":"Glob Change Biol"},{"key":"2543_CR82","unstructured":"Walker G (2012) Environmental Justice: Concepts, Evidence and Politics. Routledge, London"},{"key":"2543_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1267475","volume":"11","author":"P Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang P et al. (2023) Spatiotemporal evolution patterns and driving factors of arable land in Huaihai Economic Zone, China. Front Environ Sci 11:1267475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1267475","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2543_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224214","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224214","volume":"14","author":"HX Zou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zou HX et al. (2019) Early succession on slag compared to urban soil: a slower recovery. PLoS One 14(12):e0224214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0224214","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Environmental Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02543-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02543-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02543-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T18:30:09Z","timestamp":1793471409000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02543-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2543"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00267-026-02543-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-152X","1432-1009"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-152X","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-1009","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declares no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}}],"article-number":"336"}}