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Despite extensive land-use conversion, understanding how vegetation productivity and resilience vary across different land governance regimes remains a critical gap. Here, we integrated two decades (2004\u20132024) of remote sensing data to evaluate Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE). We applied interannual climate anomaly analyses (Z-scores) and adapted a trend-based classification framework to assess ecosystem trajectories. These biophysical metrics were cross-referenced with the spatial boundaries of Conservation Units, Indigenous Lands, Quilombola Territories, and private properties, including a distance-decay edge effect analysis. While long-term temporal trends for NPP and WUE remained relatively stable over the two decades, standardized anomaly analyses revealed a strong, statistically significant inverse coupling between productivity and water-use efficiency (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0\u2212\u00a00.741,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001), primarily mediated by surface moisture retention (LSWI) rather than immediate precipitation alone. Spatial analyses demonstrated that Conservation Units act as the main ecological refugia, maintaining peak restoration within a 0\u20132 km internal buffer. Notably, Indigenous Lands and Quilombola Territories exhibited remarkable edge-to-core resilience, maintaining homogeneous conservation levels that effectively buffer external degradation. To safeguard the Caatinga\u2019s structural integrity against desertification, public policies must move beyond reactive drought subsidies towards proactive landscape management that legally empowers traditional communities and incentivizes conservation on private lands.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00267-026-02629-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:30:00Z","timestamp":1790213400000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ecosystem Resilience and Land-Use Governance: Remote Sensing Insights for Environmental Management in a Tropical Dry Forest"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Lucas","family":"Nascimento da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bartolomeu","family":"Israel de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2629_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida TAB, de Assun\u00e7\u00e3o Montenegro AA, Mackay R, Montenegro SMGL, Coelho VHR, de Carvalho AA (2024) Hydrogeological trends in an alluvial valley in the brazilian semiarid: Impacts of observed climate variables change and exploitation on groundwater availability and salinity. 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