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The latter prevalence is similar to the 1% found in autopsy series. A \u201csilent majority\u201d with BE remain unrecognized in the general population. BE is more common in men, and the prevalence rises with age. Recent endoscopic series document a rise in the diagnosis of endoscopically apparent short segments (&lt; 3\u00a0cm) of BE (SSBE). The prevalence of SSBE in both unselected and reflux patients is 8% to 12%. Specialized intestinal metaplasia at the cardia, below a normal\u2010appearing squamocolumnar junction, has been reported to vary from 6% to 25% in patients presenting for upper endoscopy. Unlike patients with long segment Barrett\u2019s esophagus (LSBE), the role of gastroesophageal reflux disease in the pathogenesis of SSBE and SIM of the cardia is controversial. Recent data suggest that the etiology of SIM of the cardia might be secondary to <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> infection, although the role of other environmental factors cannot be ruled out. The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric juction (EGJ) has been increasing over the past 15 years in Western countries. Surgical series and population\u2010based studies show that by 1994 adenocarcinomas of the esophagus accounted for half of all esophageal cancer among white men. LSBE and SSBE predispose to the development of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and EGJ. The role of SIM of the cardia as a precursor lesion for EGJ adenocarcinoma is still unclear. The prevalences of dysplasia in LSBE and SSBE are around 6% and 8%, respectively. The incidence of adenocarcinoma in patients with LSBE is about 1\u00a0in 100 patient\u2010years. Cancer risk for SSBE and SIM at the cardia is unknown. Smoking and obesity increase the risk for esophageal and EGJ adenocarcinomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-003-7052-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,19]],"date-time":"2003-11-19T20:53:30Z","timestamp":1069275210000},"page":"999-1006","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Trends in Incidence and Prevalence of Specialized Intestinal Metaplasia, Barrett\u2019s Esophagus, and Adenocarcinoma of the Gastroesophageal Junction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Manuel","family":"Pera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Institute of Digestive Diseases, Institut d\u2019Investigacions Biom\u00e8diques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Cl\u00ednic University of Barcelona Medical School Villarroel 170 Barcelona 08036 Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(96)70239-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_2","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Definitional confusion: when Barrett\u2019s esophagus is not Barrett\u2019s and not Barrett is Barrett\u2019s","volume":"90","author":"Sampliner RE","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. 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