{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T20:11:17Z","timestamp":1787429477155,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,15]],"date-time":"2007-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1168819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World j. surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Primary thyroid lymphoma is a rare tumor that makes up 1\u20135% of thyroid malignancies and less than 2% of extranodal lymphomas. The treatment and prognosis of thyroid lymphomas can be divided into two distinct clinicopathologic entities: pure mucosa\u2010associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas and diffuse large B\u2010cell or mixed subtypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An evidence\u2010based review was performed to determine the role of fine\u2010needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and adjuncts as the first diagnostic test for thyroid lymphoma, the role of open surgical biopsy, the role of palliative surgery as well as the best treatment (combined chemoradiation versus single modality surgery or radiation) for thyroid lymphoma. The ideal treatment of thyroid lymphoma was further assessed for both diffuse B\u2010cell and MALT histologic subtypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although an evidence\u2010based review was challenging primarily due to a lack of high\u2010level evidence, several recommendations are possible and presented regarding the optimal diagnostic methods and treatment of thyroid lymphoma. FNA and adjuncts are recommended as the first test to diagnose thyroid lymphoma, but open surgical biopsy may still be required in many cases. Combined chemoradiation therapy is recommended for all diffuse B\u2010cell or mixed lymphomas. Single modality therapy with surgery or radiation alone may be considered for early\u2010stage (IE) intrathyroidal MALT lymphomas. No recommendations could be made regarding the role of palliative surgery.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence\u2010based recommendations can be applied to the individual patient with thyroid lymphoma with the involvement of an experienced multidisciplinary team consisting of an endocrine\/oncology surgeon, radiation oncologist, and medical oncologist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-005-0768-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,17]],"date-time":"2007-01-17T13:34:56Z","timestamp":1169040896000},"page":"978-986","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["An Evidence\u2010Based Approach to the Treatment of Thyroid Lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Lloyd A.","family":"Mack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tom Baker Cancer Centre and the University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Division of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice L.","family":"Pasieka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tom Baker Cancer Centre and the University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Division of General Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery Foothills Medical Center North Tower, 1403\u201029th Street NW T2N 2T9 Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478\u2010200005000\u201000001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102559.1996.268311.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otohns.2005.07.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"316","article-title":"Primary thyroid lymphoma","volume":"26","author":"Ansell SM","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198503073121001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.1993.3.93"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.87.1.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097\u20100142(19940101)73:1<200::AID\u2010CNCR2820730135>3.0.CO;2\u2010#"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.95.2_Supplement.2S"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.4_Supplement.227S"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02573069"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102303.2001.00338.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19991225)87:6<325::AID-CNCR3>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004\u20100951"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097\u20100142(19831015)52:8<1410::AID\u2010CNCR2820520813>3.0.CO;2\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097\u20100142(20010215)91:4<629::AID\u2010CNCR1045>3.0.CO;2\u2010Q"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","first-page":"1061","article-title":"Role of surgery in stage IE non\u2010Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma of the thyroid","volume":"116","author":"Friedberg MH","year":"1994","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.coc.0000054891.30422.B5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102559.2000.00941.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3816\/CLM.2005.n.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10434-001-0338-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","first-page":"334","article-title":"Primary lymphoma of the thyroid","volume":"64","author":"Singer JA","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02841869609109922"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807023390104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.06.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042040"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","unstructured":"Levels of evidence. 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