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The 1990\u00a0National Institute of Health\u2019s (NIH) consensus development conference on asymptomatic pHPT and its subsequent workshop in 2001 established which clinical criteria warranted parathyroidectomy (PTx) versus observation. While there is no debate that these NIH criteria capture a group of patients likely to benefit from PTx, there is concern that these guidelines miss a significant percentage of pHPT patients who actually are symptomatic. Unfortunately, these additional symptoms are often subtle, nonspecific, not traditionally measured, frequently not assessed or considered in this patient population, and are usually attributed to other diagnoses or simply advanced age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>An evidence\u2010based literature review was performed assessing symptoms and clinical conditions associated with bone, neuropsychiatry, cognition, quality of life, and the neuromuscular system. The level of evidence and grade of recommendations were assigned to key studies to help determine recommendations regarding indications and potential benefits of parathyroidectomy (PTx).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Symptoms ranging from decreased bone mineral density, increased fracture risk, neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive changes, lower quality of life, and neuromuscular symptoms were found to be associated with pHPT. The effects of PTx on these symptoms was addressed in a variety of studies that varied in quality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although there are few Level I randomized clinical trials addressing the benefit of PTx in patients with pHPT, there are supportive data to suggest that most patients with pHPT would benefit from operative cure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-009-9987-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,15]],"date-time":"2009-03-15T21:16:44Z","timestamp":1237151804000},"page":"2244-2255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["What Symptom Improvement Can Be Expected After Operation for Primary Hyperparathyroidism?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Nadine R.","family":"Caron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janice L.","family":"Pasieka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Calgary North Tower, 1403 29th Street NW T2N 2T9 Calgary AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000120072.85692.a7"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","first-page":"N2","article-title":"Summary statement from a workshop on asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: a perspective for the 21st century","volume":"17","author":"Bilezikian JP","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2004.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.137.7.779"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002689900428"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2002.128693"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-7-593"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","first-page":"349","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism","volume":"55","author":"Consensus conference","year":"1991","journal-title":"National Institutes of Health. 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