{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T13:22:42Z","timestamp":1774099362779,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456444800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World j. surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>\nThe mechanisms of damage to the gastrointestinal tract after caustic ingestion are conditioned by the nature of the ingested agent. Whether the nature of the ingested agent has a direct influence on patient outcomes is unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From January 2013 to April 2015, 144 patients underwent emergency management for caustic injuries at the Saint Louis Hospital in Paris. There were 51\u00a0men (51 %) and the median age was 44 years [39, 48]. The ingested agents were soda\u2010based strong alkali in 85 patients (59 %), strong acids in 36 patients (25 %), and bleach in 23 patients (16 %). Emergency and long\u2010term outcomes were compared according to the nature of the ingested agent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four patients died (3 %) and 40 patients (28 %) experienced complications. After bleach ingestion, emergency morbidity and mortality were nil, no patient required esophageal reconstruction, and functional outcome was successful in all patients. Acids were more likely to induce transmural gastric (31 vs. 13 %, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =0.042) and duodenal (9 vs. 0 %, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.04) necrosis than strong alkalis, but rates of transmural esophageal necrosis were similar (14 vs. 12 %, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.98). No significant differences were recorded between emergency mortality (9 vs. 1 %, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.15), morbidity (33 vs. 33 %, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.92), the need for esophageal reconstruction (25 vs. 20 %, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.88), and functional success rates (76 vs. 84 %, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.31) after acid and alkali ingestion, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Bleach causes mild gastrointestinal injuries, while the ingestion of strong acids and alkalis may result in severe complications and death. Acids cause more severe damage to the stomach but similar damage to the esophagus when compared to alkalis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3466-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T17:42:37Z","timestamp":1456508557000},"page":"1638-1644","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["The Damage Pattern to the Gastrointestinal Tract Depends on the Nature of the Ingested Caustic Agent"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Romain","family":"Ducoudray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Endocrine and Digestive Surgery, Saint\u2010Louis Hospital, APHP Universit\u00e9 Paris 7 Diderot Paris France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Endocrine and Digestive Surgery, 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