{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T22:33:02Z","timestamp":1789165982303,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1456358400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World j. surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The development of tracheo\u2010 or bronchoesophageal fistula (TBF) after Ivor\u2010Lewis esophagectomy remains to be a rare complication associated with a high mortality rate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this retrospective study, the charts of patients with TBF after esophagectomy were analyzed in terms of individual patient characteristics, esophagotracheal complications, respiratory function, management, and outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between January 2000 and December 2014, 1204 patients underwent Ivor\u2010Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal cancer; 13 patients (1.1 %) developed a TBF. In all 13 patients, a concomitant leakage of the intrathoracic esophagogastrostomy was evident, either prior to diagnosis of TBF (metachronous TBF) or simultaneously (synchronous TBF). TBF was predominantly located in the left main bronchus (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 6, 46.1 %) or trachea (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 5, 38.5 %). Management of TBF included re\u2010thoracotomy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 7), interventional endoscopic (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 10) or bronchoscopic therapy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 4). In the majority of patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 8), management consisted of two subsequent treatment modalities. In 3 out of four patients, TBF was successfully treated by endoscopic stenting only. Five patients (38.5 %) died following a septic course with multiple organ failure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The development of TBF after Ivor\u2010Lewis esophagectomy is always combined with anastomotic leakage of the esophagogastrostomy. Treatment options primarily depend on the vascularization of the gastric conduit, the severity of the concomitant aspiration pneumonia, and the volume of the air leakage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3470-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,25]],"date-time":"2016-02-25T16:58:10Z","timestamp":1456419490000},"page":"1680-1687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Management of Tracheo\u2010 or Bronchoesophageal Fistula After Ivor\u2010Lewis Esophagectomy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Lambertz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery University of Cologne Kerpener Str. 62 50937 Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. H.","family":"H\u00f6lscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery University of Cologne Kerpener Str. 62 50937 Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Bludau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General, Visceral and Cancer Surgery University of Cologne Kerpener Str. 62 50937 Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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