{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T15:00:08Z","timestamp":1780930808813,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World j. surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical profile of gynaecomastia patients, both in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\u2010positive and HIV\u2010negative patients, in resource\u2010limited settings remains largely undocumented. The aim of this study was to compare and contrast these groups with a view to developing an appropriate treatment algorithm for the South African population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective chart review at the Durban Breast Unit for the period 2000\u20132015 was undertaken with ethics approval [BE012\/16 (sub\u2010study of BCA173\/15)]. Statistical analysis was done with IBM SPSS version 25. A <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> value &lt;0.05\u00a0indicated statistical significance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred and four patients were documented. The mean age was 37 years. Gynaecomastia was most commonly attributed to puberty, HAART, other medications or an idiopathic aetiology. HIV status was known in 49 patients. There was a 97% prevalence of HAART use in the HIV\u2010positive subgroup (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200931). Efavirenz was the most common inciting drug. Incidence of gynaecomastia correlated with duration of HAART use. Age, late presentation, advanced Simon grade and bilateral disease appear to necessitate surgical intervention more frequently.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients on HAART are advised to seek early advice upon noticing gynaecomastia. Drug cessation\/change is likely to assist only upon early presentation resulting in static progression, and ultimate cure would still entail surgical excision. Extensive blood and imaging studies should be done only where clinically indicated and can be considered in cases of recurrence post\u2010surgery. Management option must be discussed with patients, and surgeons are required to be familiar with the various surgical techniques necessary to treat gynaecomastia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-019-05350-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T19:05:58Z","timestamp":1577991958000},"page":"1538-1546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gynaecomastia in the Durban Breast Unit: A Comparison of HIV\u2010 and Non\u2010HIV\u2010Infected Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Safeeya","family":"Osman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Durban Breast Unit (Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital and Addington Hospital) Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durban Breast Unit (Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital and Addington Hospital) Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Buccimazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Durban Breast Unit (Inkosi Albert Luthuli Hospital and Addington Hospital) Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010\u20101720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516\u201031802012000300009"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"190","article-title":"Gynecomastia\u2014a difficult diagnostic problem","volume":"62","author":"Derkacz M","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polish J Endocrinol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Gynecomastia","volume":"44","author":"Karnath BM","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hosp Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2230\u20108210.129104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228\u2010015\u20101835\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025\u20106196(11)60671\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030\u2010200202150\u201000033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/343045"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Efavirenz\u2010induced gynaecomastia in HIV\u2010infected Nigerian men: a report of six cases","volume":"2","author":"Agbaji OO","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981\u2010016\u20100121\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000182"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"866","article-title":"Painful gynaecomastia secondary to cyclosporine A and tacrolimus in a patient with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Borrego\u2010Utiel FJ","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188379"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1075\u2010122X.2004.21392.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135965350400900416"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/425363"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00268-019-05350-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s00268-019-05350-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00268-019-05350-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1007\/s00268-019-05350-y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,24]],"date-time":"2023-12-24T04:20:02Z","timestamp":1703391602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00268-019-05350-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1007\/s00268-019-05350-y"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00268-019-05350-y","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-2313","1432-2323"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-2313","type":"print"},{"value":"1432-2323","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 January 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}