{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T14:12:01Z","timestamp":1789049521492,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World j. surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>To analyze and report on the changes in epidemiology traumatic causes of death in the USA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were extracted from the annual National Vital Statistics Reports (2008\u20132017) from Center for Disease Control and analyzed for trends during the time period given. Generalized additive model was applied to evaluate the significance of trend using R software.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Firearm deaths (39,790) and firearm death rate (12.2\/100,000) in 2017 were the highest reported, and this increasing trend was significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) the last ten years. Deaths from motor vehicle crash (MVC) and firearm homicides did not change significantly during the same time period. Firearm deaths were lower than MVC deaths by 21% (8,197\/39,790) in 2008, but after 10 years, the difference was only 1% (458\/40,231). Years of life lost from firearms is now higher than MVC. Suicides by firearm in 2017 were the highest reported at 23,854\/39,773 (60%). In 2017, suicides by firearm victims were predominantly white 20,328\/23,562 (85%), men 20,362\/23,562 (86%), and the largest group was between the ages of 55\u201364.\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Death from firearms in the USA is increasing and endemic. They were the highest ever reported in 2017 by the CDC. While deaths from MVC used to be the main cause of traumatic death in the USA, deaths from firearms now almost equal it. Calculated years of life lost from firearms is now more than from MVC. Most firearm deaths are not from homicides but are from suicides, and they are predominantly in white older males of the baby boomer generation (born 1946\u20131964).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-020-05938-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T16:07:55Z","timestamp":1611331675000},"page":"1323-1329","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Firearm Deaths are Increasing and Endemic in the USA: It is a Problem of Suicides and Not Homicides"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Rhee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, Section of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery New York Medical College 100 Woods Rd 10595 Valhalla NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kartik","family":"Prabhakaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, Section of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery New York Medical College 100 Woods Rd 10595 Valhalla NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bellal","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Banner Health Tucson University of Arizona Tucson USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Smiley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, Section of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery New York Medical College 100 Woods Rd 10595 Valhalla NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenji","family":"Okumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, Section of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery New York Medical College 100 Woods Rd 10595 Valhalla NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, Section of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery New York Medical College 100 Woods Rd 10595 Valhalla NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Policastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, Section of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery New York Medical College 100 Woods Rd 10595 Valhalla NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, Section of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery New York Medical College 100 Woods Rd 10595 Valhalla NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rifat","family":"Latifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Westchester Medical Center, Section of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery New York Medical College 100 Woods Rd 10595 Valhalla NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000000600"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","unstructured":"United States Life Tables(2017)National vital statistics report.;7 June 24 2019. Volume 68."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_5_1","volume-title":"Global firearms holdings database: civilians","author":"Switzerland\u2010based Small Arms Survey (SAS) report","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_6_1","unstructured":"Gun ownership.https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gun_ownership#:~:text=The%20Small%20Arms%20Survey%20stated firearms%20for%20every%20100%20residents.%22. Accessed July 10 2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.085340"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_8_1","unstructured":"QuinnG(2020)Canada\u2019s gun\u2010related homicide rate hit highest level in 25 years. Time.com. Nov 21 2018.https:\/\/time.com\/5461950\/canada\u2010homicide\u2010rate\u20102017\u2010climbs\/. Accessed June 11 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181dbaddf"},{"key":"e_1_2_3_10_1","unstructured":"Suicide(2020).World Health Organization. Sep 2 2019.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/suicide. 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