{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T23:53:08Z","timestamp":1782604388284,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World j. surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Penetrating inferior vena caval injuries remain a challenging operative entity. This study reviews our local experience with the injury over a nine\u2010year period and attempts to contextualize it within the published literature that emanates from South Africa on the topic.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A single\u2010centre retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed of all patients who underwent a laparotomy for a penetrating IVC injury. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographics, clinical and biochemical parameters, intraoperative data, ICU admission and outcomes.\n<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the nine\u2010year period, thirty\u2010five patients sustained penetrating injuries to the IVC. Mechanism of injury included 25 low velocity gunshots (71%) and 10 stab wounds (29%). The anatomical location included two (6%) supra\u2010renal, six (17%) juxta\u2010renal and 27 (77%) infra\u2010renal injuries. Venorrhaphy was performed in 22 cases (63%) and ligation in 13 (37%). Average ICU stay was 5.4\u00a0days. Thirteen patients died (37%), of which six (46%) died within 24 h of arrival.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite dramatic improvements in surgical trauma care over the last four decades, penetrating injury to the IVC carries a high mortality rate ranging from 31 to 37%. It is unlikely that further improvements can be achieved by refining operative techniques and approaches to resuscitation. Future endeavours must focus on applying the burgeoning understanding of endovascular surgery to these injuries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-021-06403-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]],"date-time":"2022-01-10T00:03:16Z","timestamp":1641772996000},"page":"577-581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Despite Major Therapeutic Advances, Vena Caval Trauma Remains Associated with Significant Morbidity and Mortality"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Zafar","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Witwatersrand Parktown, Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afroz","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering University of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalina Thembisile","family":"Mbebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery Greys Hospital Pietermaritzburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Kwa\u2010Zulu Natal Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Lambert","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Kwa\u2010Zulu Natal Durban South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery Greys Hospital Pietermaritzburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanda","family":"Bekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Kwa\u2010Zulu Natal Durban South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery Greys Hospital Pietermaritzburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damian Luiz","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Witwatersrand Parktown, Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Kwa\u2010Zulu Natal Durban South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery Greys Hospital Pietermaritzburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.009717"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/msy.2000.108054"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3181e49045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373\u2010199309000\u201000008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","volume-title":"Management of definitive surgical trauma care","author":"Boffard KD","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Top knife: the art & craft of trauma surgery","author":"Mattox KL","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","volume-title":"Advanced Trauma Life Support","year":"2018"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Injuries to the great veins of the abdomen","volume":"22","author":"Robbs JV","year":"1984","journal-title":"SAJS"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"485","article-title":"Penetrating injuries of the inferior vena cava","volume":"78","author":"Degiannis E","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Inferior vena caval injury in the firearm era","volume":"37","author":"Clarke DL","year":"1999","journal-title":"SAJS"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejvs.2005.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Van RooyenPL KarusseitVOLet al (2014)Inferior vena cava injuries: a case series and review of the South African experience. 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