{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:41:02Z","timestamp":1791463262736,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]],"date-time":"2022-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]],"date-time":"2022-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660348800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]],"date-time":"2022-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Key Medical Discipline Construction Project of Chengdu Municipal Health Commission","award":["2019 (157)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019 (157)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World j. surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Granulomatous lobular mastitis (GM), an inflammatory breast lesion with unknown etiology, is prone to recur. There is no global consensus on the optimal treatment at present. This study was conducted to show our step\u2010by\u2010step systemic procedure and discuss the recurrence risk factors of GM.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The medical record database was retrospectively searched for patients with GM treated in our hospital between January 2015 and September 2021. Patients were divided into non\u2010recurrence group (group A) and recurrence group (group B). Demographic and clinical characteristics, treatment and follow\u2010up were collected and analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 885 GM patients were included in our study, all of whom received step\u2010by\u2010step systemic management. The mean age was 33.2\u2009\u00b1\u20095.2 years. There were 760 (85.9%) patients in group A and 125 (14.1%) in group B. Univariate analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in size of mass, pregnancy, hyperprolactinemia, bacterial cultures, erythema nodosum. Multivariate analysis showed that patients with purulent nipple discharge, skin lesion, bilateral disease and patients who need the combination of surgery and medication to achieve complete remission had higher risk of recurrence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We built a step\u2010by\u2010step systemic procedure for GM, and the recurrence rate was 14.1%. Prolactin level and microbiological results are important for the management of GM. Purulent nipple discharge, skin lesion, bilateral disease and patients who need the combination of surgery and medication to achieve complete remission are associated with GM recurrence. Prolonged maintenance therapy may secure a better prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-022-06687-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,13]],"date-time":"2022-08-13T20:16:56Z","timestamp":1660421816000},"page":"2706-2714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Management of Granulomatous Lobular Mastitis and Risk Factors Associated with Recurrence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Chunxiang","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital School of Medicine University of Electronic Science and Technology of China 1617 Riyue Ave, Qingyang District 610091 Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaorong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, Chengdu 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