{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T20:21:54Z","timestamp":1770754914074,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World j. surg."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gunshot wounds to the heart are regarded as one of the most lethal penetrating injuries. There has been an increase in gunshot wounds to the chest in our institution in recent years. Injuries to the heart caused by gunshot wounds can be challenging, with patients arriving in hospital in different physiological states. We report our trauma unit's experience with civilian gunshot wounds to the heart.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective review from January 2005 till December 2018 of those 18 years of age and above who presented to our hospital with penetrating cardiac injuries over eight years was done. Those who presented with a carotid pulse and a cardiac rhythm were included in the study. Blood pressure of less than 90\u00a0mmHg was considered as haemodynamic instability. Demographics, physiological parameters, injuries sustained, preferred surgical access to the chest, and type of surgery were analysed. The complications during their hospital stay and outpatient clinic were documented. The incidences of in\u2010hospital mortality were also noted. Descriptive statistics with STATA version 15 were conducted. A <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value of\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 37 patients were enroled in the study; four were excluded for incomplete data. All presented directly from the scene, with a median age of 30 (IQR 24\u201336). Haemodynamic instability was in 64% of the cases. The most common injured chamber was the right ventricle (75.7%). There were only two complications recorded; local wound sepsis and empyema. All survivors received a post\u2010surgical echocardiogram. The overall survival rate was 18.9% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097). Of the ten that required emergency room thoracotomy, only one survived to discharge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gunshot wounds to the heart have a mortality rate greater than 80% in those arriving alive. Only one in ten of those who meet the strict criteria for emergency room thoracotomy survive hospitalisation. The local complication rate was low.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-022-06879-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T19:02:45Z","timestamp":1672340565000},"page":"863-869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Outcomes of Cardiac Gunshot Injuries Presenting at an Urban Trauma Facility in Johannesburg, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Maeyane S.","family":"Moeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"},{"name":"Parktown South Africa"},{"name":"Cresta South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shumani","family":"Makhadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mbavhalelo C.","family":"Molewa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"353","article-title":"Missile cardiac injuries: review of 16 years\u2019 experience","volume":"15","author":"Lone RA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ulus Travma ve Acil Cerrahi Derg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039\u20106109(16)41132\u20101"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1737","article-title":"Review of 1198 cases of penetrating cardiac trauma","volume":"84","author":"Campbell NC","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03215862"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373\u2010199305000\u201000015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373\u2010199806000\u201000022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002\u20109610(01)00598\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00068\u2010014\u20100445\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020\u20101383(00)00110\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268\u2010005\u20100463\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEJ.0000000000000401"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2011.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001037"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.085340"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2018.10.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2021.105673"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.12.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373\u2010200004000\u201000002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000001165"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","article-title":"Penetrating cardiac injuries","volume":"84","author":"Castriconi M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Two case reports. 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