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However, there are limitations with nonuniformity of cancer tissue destruction, heat sink effect and the risk of thermal ablative injury. The current non-thermal ablative techniques have high risk of local recurrence and are not widely adopted. Histotripsy is a treatment technology that destroys targeted tissue under ultrasound visualization via mechanical destruction through the precise application of acoustic cavitation and can offer the potential of non-invasive, non-thermal and non-ionizing radiation cancer treatment. The aim of this multi-centre non-randomized phase I\/II trial is to assess the initial safety and efficacy of the prototype investigational \u2018System\u2019 in the treatment of primary and metastatic liver cancers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods\/Design<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>All non-surgical patients with primary\/metastatic liver cancers having had previous liver directed therapy, radiation therapy or image-guided ablation may be offered image-guided Histotripsy as per trial protocol. The co-primary endpoints are technical success and procedural safety. Technical success is determined, at\u2009\u2264\u200936\u00a0h post procedure, by evaluating the histotripsy treatment size and coverage. The procedural safety is defined by procedure related major complications, defined as Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE version 5) grade 3 or higher toxicities, up to 30\u00a0days post procedure. This phase I\/II trial has intended to recruit up to 45 patients to show safety and efficacy of image-guided histotripsy in liver cancers.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Trail Registration<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Clinicaltrials.gov identifier-NCT04573881; NIHR CRN CPMS-ID 47572.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-022-03309-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T20:20:49Z","timestamp":1668543649000},"page":"259-267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["A Multi-centre, Single Arm, Non-randomized, Prospective European Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the HistoSonics System in the Treatment of Primary and Metastatic Liver Cancers (#HOPE4LIVER)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-5454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tze Min","family":"Wah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Pech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"Thormann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Serres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Littler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Stenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Lenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Wiggermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathis","family":"Planert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Vidal-Jove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Torzilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Solbiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"3309_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2014.211","volume":"12","author":"A Adam","year":"2015","unstructured":"Adam A, Kenny LM. 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