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Treatments were followed by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and necropsy. Treatment zone size (with emphasis on the cranial-caudal (CC) dimension), volume, and a survey for complications were conducted by MRI and at necropsy. Histopathology was performed to confirm complete cell kill in the treatment zone. Treatment precision was assessed by the width of the transition zone (TZ, zone of partial treatment) with a narrower TZ denoting increased precision.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Animals tolerated treatments with no adverse events. Treatment zones created during HFJV were less elongated than during CV (CC dimension during HFJV\u2009=\u200927.8\u00a0mm vs. CV\u2009=\u200932.3\u00a0mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04). Mean TZ width (treatment precision) was narrower in the HFJV group (HFJV\u2009=\u20094.1\u00a0mm, CV\u2009=\u20096.9\u00a0mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), particularly at the cranial margin (HFJV\u2009=\u20094.0\u00a0mm, CV\u2009=\u20098.2, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018). Off-target treatments occurred in the chest wall (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092) and spleen (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>High-frequency jet ventilation reduces the craniocaudal elongation of histotripsy treatment zones caused by respiratory motion and improves the precision of histotripsy compared to conventional ventilation in this animal model.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-025-04060-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T17:25:52Z","timestamp":1749057952000},"page":"1164-1173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Hepatic Histotripsy: Jet Ventilation Decreases the Effect of Respiratory Motion in A Porcine Liver Model"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"J. 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PFL: Consultant, research support and shareholder HistoSonics, Inc. Consultant NeuWave Medical\/Ethicon\/Johnson & Johnson. Consultant and shareholder Elucent Medical. Shareholder McGinley Orthopedics. Shareholder RevOps Medical. Research support Siemens Medical. EMKK: Consultant Boston Scientific, JFS: None, JLH: Consultant Ethicon, Inc. Stockholder HistoSonics, Accure Medical, Elucent Medical. THF: None, LM: None, TM: None, MC: None, FTL: Patents, royalties Medtronic, Inc. Consultant, research support Ethicon, Inc. Stockholder, board of directors, research support HistoSonics, Inc. Board of Medical Advisors, Canon, Inc. TJZ: Research support, shareholder Histosonics; Consultant, research support Ethicon; Consultant, Elephas; Speaker\u2019s bureau, Canon.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving animals were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution or practice at which the studies were conducted.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"For this type of study, informed consent is not required.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"For this type of study, consent for publication is not required.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}]}}