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Outcomes were assessed with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) total and Pain sub-score at baseline, 1, 3, and 6 months post-GAE. Adverse events (AEs) were reported by the CIRSE AE classification system. A descriptive statistical and multivariable analysis was performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty-eight knees treated with KOA severity: Kellgren\u2013Lawrence (KL) 2: 10 vs 23%, KL 3: 57 vs 33%, KL4: 33 vs 44%, respectively (permanent vs temporary,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.051). Pain sub-scale score decreased by 27 vs 44%, 25 vs 37%, and 23 vs 36% at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. There was higher percent WOMAC pain reduction in ethiodized oil emulsion at 1 but not at 3 and 6 months (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020\u20130.119). Adverse events included: skin changes without ulceration (n\u2009=\u200914), knee swelling requiring prednisone (n\u2009=\u20095), and access site hematoma (n\u2009=\u20092). A lower AE rate was observed for total AEs and skin changes with ethiodized oil emulsion (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.018).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>GAE shows positive short-term outcomes up to 6 months post-treatment for KOA with temporary and permanent embolic agents. Ethiodized oil may offer a better short-term efficacy and lower risk of skin discoloration compared to polyethylene glycol microspheres.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-025-04290-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]],"date-time":"2025-12-14T22:19:16Z","timestamp":1765750756000},"page":"1328-1336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Retrospective Comparison of Short- and Mid-Term Performance of 200-\u00b5m Polyethylene Glycol Microspheres vs Ethiodized Oil Emulsion for Genicular Artery Embolization in Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Wali","family":"Badar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layth","family":"Alkhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Al-Qawasmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Anitescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendon","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikin","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osman","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"4290_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Osteoarthritis Collaborators. 2023 Global, regional, and national burden of osteoarthritis, 1990\u20132020 and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 Lancet Rheumatol. 5 9 e508 e522 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00163-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00163-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"4290_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keu332","volume":"54","author":"PG Conaghan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Conaghan PG, Peloso PM, Everett SV, Rajagopalan S, Black CM, Mavros P, et al. 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Consulting fee for Boston Scientific and Argon.\n                      Dr. Osman Ahmed:\n                      Grant Funding: NIH; Consulting Fees: Medtronic, Cook, Bard, Penumbra Payment and Honoraria: Angio Dynamics, Asahi Leadership and Fiduciary Role: Boston Scientific, Argon, Johnson and Johnson, Flow Medical.\n                      Dr. Magdalena Anitescu:\n                      Grants: Abbott, Boston Scientific, Medtronic Meeting Attendance Support: North American Neuromodulation Society.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of interest"}},{"value":"\u201cAll procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.\u201d \u201cFor this type of study formal consent is not required.\u201d \u201cThis study has obtained IRB approval from (University of Chicago IRB) and the need for informed consent was waived.\u201d","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"\u201cInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u201d \u201cFor this type of study informed consent is not required.\u201d \u201cThis study has obtained IRB approval from (University of Chicago IRB) and the need for informed consent was waived.\u201d","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}},{"value":"\u201cFor this type of study consent for publication is not required.\u201d","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}