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Outcomes were assessed via procedural monitoring and gross pathological analysis. Haptic feedback performance was qualitatively assessed by the operators using a four-point scale (1\u2009=\u2009very good, 2\u2009=\u2009fair, 3\u2009=\u2009poor, 4\u2009=\u2009inadequate).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 18 endovascular interventional procedures were successfully completed, including renal artery stenting (3), embolization of the superior right renal artery branch (3), percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) of the superior mesenteric artery (3), left vertebral artery stenting (3), contralateral iliac artery PTA (3), and ipsilateral iliac artery stenting (3). All procedures (100%) were completed without manual conversion, including pre and post-procedural angiography, resulting in near-zero operator radiation exposure. The system was compatible with standard guidewires (0.014\u2033, 0.018\u2033, and 0.035\u2033), catheters (2.7\u20138 Fr), and pushable coils (0.018\u2033 and 0.035\u2033). Post-procedural angiography demonstrated no signs of vessel injury. Minimal vessel trauma was observed in 3 of 16 target vessels during gross necropsy. Haptic feedback was rated as very good in three test models and as fair in the remaining three.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a preclinical model, the SENTANTE\u2122 system demonstrated the feasibility of performing endovascular interventions via teleoperation, including angiography, stenting, coil embolization, and PTA. Its compatibility with standard devices, haptic feedback, and elimination of operator radiation exposure support progression to clinical feasibility trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-026-04375-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T08:30:52Z","timestamp":1772008252000},"page":"1020-1027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Fully Teleoperated Robotic Endovascular Interventions with Haptic Feedback: The SENTANTE Endovascular Robotic System"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6758-1933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiel W. 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Authors VD, VL, TB hold shares in Inovatyvi medicina UAB. CZ has served as a consultant and has received research support, honoraria, and travel support from W.L. Gore & Associates, LeMaitre Vascular, Atrium Maquet Getinge Group, Artivion, and Terumo (Vascutek and Bolton). LP has served as a consultant and received honoraria and travel support from Inovatyvi medicina UAB, Abbott, Angiodroid, Asahi, Bentley, Biotronik, COOK, Shockwave, Terumo. GFT has served as a consultant and received honoraria and travel support from Balt, Boston Scientific, Cook, iVascular, Medtronic, Penumbra, Terumo. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All applicable international, national, and\/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed. The study was conducted in compliance with ISO 10993\u20132, GLP standards, and under the Quality Management System of the testing facility. Ethical approval was obtained from the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Testing Facility, which was registered with the CNREEA under the Ethics Committee No. 37. The study was part of research project ROBOTIQUE 42515. The program of the Testing Facility conforms with AAALAC International standards as set by the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes (Council of Europe ETS 123), French implementing legislation, and the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NRC 2011).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}