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We evaluated whether software improves the precision of ablation margin assessment after liver MWA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective study, patients undergoing CT-guided liver MWA between January 2019 and January 2025 were included. Two radiologists (with 4 and 5\u00a0years of experience in abdominal imaging) assessed MAM in two steps: first by side-by-side visual comparison of pre- and post-ablation CT using anatomical landmarks, then with dedicated software providing semi-automatic 3D co-registration and margin quantification. Each method included two reading sessions per reader, six weeks apart. Precision was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Cohen\u2019s kappa (\u03ba) for categorical classification (&lt;\u20095, 5\u201310,\u2009&gt;\u200910\u00a0mm), and Bland\u2013Altman analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty-seven patients with 87 liver tumours were included. Visual assessment showed poor reliability, with low intrareader agreement (ICC 0.10 and 0.33) and near-random interreader agreement (\u03ba\u2009=\u2009\u2009\u2212\u20090.10; ICC\u2009\u2212\u20090.05), with limits of agreement approaching 17\u00a0mm. Software-assisted assessment improved reliability, with higher intrareader ICCs (0.54 and 0.83) and improved interreader agreement (\u03ba\u2009=\u20090.38; ICC\u2009=\u20090.54). Interreader bias decreased from\u2009\u2212\u20092.84 to\u2009+\u20090.91\u00a0mm, and limits of agreement narrowed to\u2009\u2212\u20094.10 to\u2009+\u20095.92\u00a0mm (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The median absolute interreader difference decreased from 3.0 to 1.0\u00a0mm (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Software-assisted assessment improves\u00a0reliability of MAM\u00a0evaluation compared with visual methods, but interreader agreement remains only fair-to-moderate; further validation is required before routine clinical adoption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-026-04528-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T06:14:39Z","timestamp":1783059279000},"page":"2105-2115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precision of Ablation Margin Assessment After Liver Microwave Ablation: A Head-to-Head Comparison of Visual and Software-Assisted Methods"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Coline","family":"Morisot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idriss","family":"Chami Khazraji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Habouzit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Magand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Le Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilies","family":"El Boukili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Boutet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvain","family":"Grange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7465-2955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Grange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"4528_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01200-4","volume":"400","author":"A Vogel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vogel A, Meyer T, Sapisochin G, Salem R, Saborowski A. 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